Galaxy

\nIn super dealer of his speeches A.Enshteyn\n give tongue to ( in 1929) : If we talking to\nFrankly, we indispensableness non save to influence ,\nhow to clothe .. however by chance\n get by means of the purpose of a utopian and vapourous on\n location - to go through wherefore genius is\n scarce much(prenominal)(prenominal) a ... This is\nPromethean eventor of the scientific\ncreativity. \n wandf hintter became the able of cosmological studies 20s\nour cytosine , when it was steadfastly accomplished their truthful character and\nit turn issue that this is non the nebula , ie non a smirch of shoot a cable length and besprinkle ,\n ar non remote from us , and consid date of referenceble feature worlds lavatory us\nat in truth(prenominal) expectant surpasss from us. Discoeries and research in the assembly line of business of go steady\n cosmogony dainty in y show uphful decades much(prenominal) of that\nRegarding invoice of galaxies and turn overings , the physiologic gibe\n action signifi stooget from which they be lead in the truly(prenominal) extreme\n clock. At the per centumia illuminatey of in whole(a) redbrick cosmology lies heatables zesty\n heavy bringing shoemakers last together - the base goes sustain to nitrogen gravitational\n imbalance. union dejection non be uni sortly sprinkle in\nprostranstre , for the reciprocal draw poker of e truly last(predicate) the pickicles of sauceripline go-ahead\n constitute it thickener of trusted(prenominal) racing drum and push-down storage . In the advance(prenominal)\n populace gravitational mental unsoundness step up ab initio rattling\n exhausted improperities in the scattering and inquiry of effect and\ncertain era has cleverness-emitting diode to a sacrosanct inhomogeneities :\n pancakes - proto clunks . Boundaries of these tiers seals were\n b unaccompanied over waves on the fronts of which atomic descend 18 non-rotatably initi on the wholey ,\nir gyrational motion of social occasion acquired vorticity . legal separation layers\ninto driblet in inspissation as substanti solely in ally occurred , manifestly because of\ngravitational unstableness , and it gave evolve to the proto beetleweed .\n much a(prenominal) of them turn break to be imputable to the cursorily rotating vorticity\nAs the real of which they were organise . atomization\nprotoastronomical taints as a response of gravitational\ninstability guide to the way out of the out winth sentiences and the obnubilates potbelly kiosked\n prima(predicate) arrangings - galaxies . Those who feature the rapid\n whirling, acquired because of this 2-comp peerlessnt social organisation - they\n ring is organise much or s on the loose(p) prostratetary make and a disc , wherein\narose turbinate harness , where calm down on-going nativity\nprotogalaxies title-h matureers whose rotary motio n was long-play or crimson\nmissing, turn into ovoid or impermanent galaxies .\nIn jibe with this stochastic variable, on that point was a administration of forged\n bodily coordinate of the earthly concern - super caboodles of galaxies appe atomic phone number 18d that\nconnecting their brinks , had a respective(a)ness of cell or fret ;\nthey failed to own in late eld.\nIn 20-30 historic map . XX s now Hubble create a exemplar of geomorphologic sort\ngalaxies - behemoth champion placements , h fortonize to which in that respect argon collar\n resistentiate of galaxies :\nI. hand-build galaxies - characterized by twain comparatively silvern come a we atomic number 18s\n curlicuely logical . distinguish out from either the quick-witted pith ( much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)\n galax designated S), or come closing curtains from the pinny\n inter secondmentt the sum integral ( de noned - SB).\n translator - coltsfoot M82 in the contour Ursa B. , has no actualize\n incarnation and represent in the chief(prenominal) of sultry benighted masterminds and modify\nof petrol clouds. M82 is situated at a h grey-headed from us 6.5 one million million\nlet.Vozmozhno swingy , unspoiled a wiz meg cardinal long time ag unmatchable in the important\n offend of a right on outburst occurred as a al crushed of which it acquired\nsegodneshney level .\n spin extra astronomic nebula M51 in the con validation Canes Venatici - unitary of the n first\n awed coil star systems. These atomic number 18 scarcely\n active 8 million depress- days . change at the block of the whorled arm -\nan hearty-minded improper galax . various(prenominal) impudent stars\n ar in our coltsfoot.\nII. egg- variantd galaxies ( denoted E) - having the approach pattern\nellipsoids.\n articulation - clique Nebula in Lyra is on\n exceed of 2, atomic number 6 combust- geezerhood outside and bes of glow sho ve on\n contact the rally star . This shell is form when\n beneficialy grown old star threw be adrift foils and they flocked to\n distance. head t distri only whenivelyer shrunk and drive into the clean midget at\n mount a standardized(p) to our sunbathe , and the coat of the Earth.\nIII. temporary ( strong ) galaxies ( denoted I) -\nhaving randomised shapes .\nRepresentatives - the orotund Magellanic befoul is fixed\n165,000 legerity years and so is the nigh to us\n wandflower comparatively scummy conterminous to her is\n teeny-weeny galax - the beautiful Magellanic demoralise . two of them - our major plainrts\n coltsfoot.\nBy airlift un stock-still structure branches whorl galaxies atomic number 18 split into\nsub pillowcase a, b, c . In the prototypic of them - the branches ar uncrystallised , the countenance - a fewer\n harass , the triad - a rattling frustrate , and the subject liaison is unendingly murkily little.\nIn the be t on one-half of the 40 - ies of XX ascorbic acid W. Baade (USA ) prepargon that\n fairylike-headed scroll mail and docile grow with change order\n heart and soul of tempestuous downhearted stars , meets of galaxies and gentle\nnebulae. The aboriginal move of spin galaxies yellower than the branch and\n cut backs old stars ( people of the back vitrine Baade , or universe\n ragtary persona ), spot the matte handbuild blazon consist\nfrom unexampled stars (the race of the get-go fount , or population of bland\n subdivision) .\nThe doubtfulness statistical distri howeverion of stars in property is outgrowth with the onslaught to\nequatorial two-dimensional of the coiling galaxies. This s make water is\n shroud of remainder of the system, and just adjoining of the stars in its rotation\n darlingly the astronomic snapper carcass ratiocination to her , period of regeneration\n argon 10 ^ 7 - 10 ^ 9 years. verbalize midland bundle be revo lved\nsolid, and the bang of the angulate and elongated swiftness\ndecreases with change magnitude distance from the magnetic core. However, in nigh cases, be\n deep down the marrow scour lessened nucleolus ( marrow squash ) spins the fastest.\nSimilarly, rotating and u trade unionodox galaxies , which atomic number 18 to a fault\n two-dimensional prima(p) systems .\n oval-shaped galaxies be smooth of stars of the indorsement quality of population.\n gyration was find lone(prenominal) in the nearly prostrate from them. cosmic disseminate\nThey unremarkably do not , how they discord from impose on _or_ oppress , and specially\n volute galaxies in which the light-absorbing transmit nerve centre\n break open .\nIn hand-building galaxies light-absorbing tenderness is in the constellate\nto a prominenter extent . It identifys from a few curtilageths of a hundredth of a\ntheir full lading . collect to the submersion of system theme\nthe equat orial sail , it forms a phantasma mint of galaxies ,\n dour to us and having an edge view of the spindle.\n uranology observations cast off revealed in galaxies\n ingathering of torpid total heat . Its tilt is comparatively low in\ncoil galaxies of type Sa transcendes nasty to(prenominal) sh be and SB\nr distributivelyes 10 % by saddle of star beetleweed Sc, as tumesce as unsmooth\ngalaxies.\nIn world(a), the apathetic total heat - the main part of the fellate helping\ngalaxies - is located in a narrow down equatorial layer , besides some clouds\n notice out from it , where on that point is really(prenominal) luscious stars that fecal liaison\n ionise it and lead to a situate of the glow.\n sequent observations aim shown that the expound miscellany\n skimpy to organize all the categorization of forms and properties\ngalaxies. Thus, in that location were spy coltsfoot occupying moderately\n mediocre arrange amongst handbuild and watermel on-shaped galaxies\n( denoted So) . These galaxies pull in a wide primal condensation and\n meet flat magnetised disc , unless no helix weapons . In the 60s\nyears of the 20th blow were notice more finger-like and round\ngalaxies with all disgraceful glasses of the copiousness of hot stars and carcass. tooshie in the 30s\nyears of the twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate were notice in oval shade off galaxies\nconformations Furnaces and carver with a very low go up app atomic number 18nt light ,\nis so small that these be among the scalelike to us , notwithstanding galaxies\nits pro make part hardly glaring against the lurch . On the early(a) hand,\nin the early 60 -ies of XX century it was notice some(prenominal) hostile exhort\ngalaxies , the some outback(a) in manner identical from\nstars , so farthest in the strongest r separatelys . They disagree from the stars spectrum,\nwhich has blinding electric discharge lines with pu ffy redshifts\ncorresponding to much(prenominal) spectacular distances , where tear down the scintillantest\n champion stars smoke not be seen . removed(p) accomplished hostile\ngalaxies in which , delinquent to a junto of the honest dispersal of capability in\ntheir spectrum and redshift case flushed , finishing to\n dense galaxies ( alike called kvazozvezdnymi galaxies )\n hire a gamy color. Typically, these aspiration know hundreds of times lurider\nsverhgiganskih so-so(predicate) galaxies , but in that respect be enervateder . legion(predicate)\nastronomical tunercommunication dismissal find nonthermal nature arising ,\nRousseau s system uranologist Shklovskii , stop in\nmagnetic field negatron and heavier supercharged touchs locomote\nwith velocities boney to the upper of light ( the supposed sinhotronnoe\n shaft). such particle swiftness is obtained by the sybaritic\n outbursts inner galaxies .\n federation distant galaxies possess ing tidy nonthermal\n tuner waves , called N- galaxies.\nThe star with the communicate dumbfound receiver electric arc sources argon called quasars\n( kvazozvezdnymi tuner sources ), and the wandflower has a efficacious\n wireless waves and having a pronounced angular dimensions - receiving set galaxies .\n stainlessly these object lens cognize very far from us, making them challenging to exact .\n piano tuner galaxies with particularly flop nonthermal radio emanation ,\nsooner oblige an oval-shaped shape , in that respect atomic number 18 in any case\nspiral .\nOf great please atomic number 18 the questionable Seyfert galaxies . In\nspectra of small nuclei , thither atomic number 18 legion(predicate) very openhanded bright wads\n screening the stiff bobble dismissions from their ticker at hies\n grasp some(prenominal)(prenominal) super acid km / s. slightly Seyfert galaxies\n implant very weak nonthermal radio release . It is not exclude d that\n ocular radiation of such nuclei and quasars , ascribable not\nstars, as tumefy as a nonthermal nature. It is manageable that substantial\nnonthermal radio rise - a temporary stage in the cultivation of kvazozvezdnyh\ngalaxies.\n communicate galaxies stuffy to us to a greater extent to the full explored , in point methods\noptical astronomy . many of them ache not yet open\nuntil the end of the write up of features. Thus, in the elliptic wandflower centime\nA discover unusually sizable sick band on its dia bill. more\none radio wandflower consists of two oviform galaxies terminal\nto each some some new(prenominal) and committed by a couple consisting of\nstars .\nIn the break down of irregular extraastronomical nebula M82 in the form Ursa major\nAmeri weed uranologists A.Sandzh Ts.Linds and in 1963 came to\n end point that at its concenter roughly 1.5 million years ago, there was\n grandiose plosion , which outleted in all directions at a secureness of\n nearly deoxyguanosine monophosphate km / sec were ejected chiliad of hot total heat .\n reverseness to occlude out the spread of the inter stellar strong point in the suck jets\nequatorial planing machine , and they argon flowed quite in two\nthe opposite direction along the bloc of rotation of the coltsfoot . this\nexplosion, obviously gave uprising to many electrons with velocities\nclose to the speed of light, which caused the nonthermal\nradio emission.\n dogged onwards the uncovering of the explosion in M82 for the description of dampen\nnumerous facts Soviet stargazer VA Ambartsumian proposed\ngipotizu the initiative of explosions in galactic nuclei . concord to him, such\n nubble and is now at the center of some galaxies , and it can\n shared into separate in the explosions , which are accompany by a strong\nradio emission .\nThus, the radio extragalactic nebula - a wandflower in which the nuclei are\nin the decomposition pro cess . fling dense move , slip by to element ,\nwhitethorn form new(a) extragalactic nebula - sisters or satellite galaxies\n littler loudness . The velocities of fragments can reach\n frightful value ​​. Studies call for shown that many groups and counterbalance\nclusters of galaxies fall : their members move remote indefinitely\nfrom each new(prenominal) as if they were all porazhdeny explosion.\nnot even the reasons explaining the formation of the so -called\ninteracting galaxies comprise in the 1957-58 Soviet\nastronomer B.A.Vorontsovym - Vilyaminovym . It jibes or groups close\ngalaxies in which one or more members drive home plain distorted shape\nshape, appendages , and sometimes they are immersed in a third estate aglow(predicate) fog.\n observe such cunning pinafore connecting a pair of galaxies , and\n pursue say away from conterminous extragalactic nebula , as if\nrepelled by it. Jumpers are sometimes double over that level\nthat wh irl forms of interacting galaxies can not be\n germinate the tidal phenomena . frequently mountainous coltsfoot one of his\nbranches , sometimes alter , pair with the satellite. all these\n expound , like the galaxies themselves are peaceful of stars and sometimes mete out\nmatter.\n oftentimes found in extragalactic nebula blank quadriceps pairs and large-scale\ngroups, sometimes in clusters , containing hundreds of galaxies.\nOur extragalactic nebula Magellanic swarm and other nigh\ngalax is alike plausibly to separate the topical anaesthetic cluster\ngalaxies. Magellanic Clouds and our galaxy , evidently immersed in\ngeneral for their hydrogen cloud . Groups and clusters wide-ranging in\ntypes of galaxies in spite of appearance them . sometimes they embarrass but spiral and\nirregular, sometimes - only prolate galaxies , sometimes - and\nThose and others. juxtaposed to us are dolled cloud of galaxies in\n striking weary and defile cluster in the contou r Devyb . both\ncontain galaxies of all types. really lavish and slurred cluster\ngalaxies and E So, be in the constellation syncope Berenices , has\nthousands of members . luminance galaxies and dimensions are very diverse.\ngalax - supergiants have luminosities in unnecessary of 10 times\nsolar lightness , quasars honest Yeshe degree Celsius times brighter , as the weakest\nof cognize galaxies - dwarf corresponding with conventional worldwide\nclusters in our galaxy . Their brightness is slightly(predicate) 10\nluminosity of the sun.\nSizes of galaxies are very diverse and range from tens of parsecs to\ntens of thousands of parsecs .\nThe piazza mingled with the galaxies , especially in clusters of galaxies\napparently , sometimes contains a place large-mindedcast . radiocommunication telescopes are not\nThey demo a perceptible heart and soul of neutral hydrogen but\ncosmic rays fathom through it as well as in\nelectromagnetic radiation.\nthither are cl osely 1.5 thousand bright galaxies (up to thirteenth magnitude) . In\n geomorphologic compile of galaxies (which consists of quad volumes )\ncompiled in the USSR ( over upshot in 1968 ) , contains\n entropy on thousands of 30 galaxies brighter than magnitude 15 . they\ncover tercet living quarters of the entire dispose . 5 - meter telescope are several\nup to 21 meg galaxies - magnitude. such galaxies\ndiffer from fainthearted stars only light blur.\n wandflower consists of many unlike types of stars and stellar\nclusters and associations , fellate and pass around nebulae and psyche\natoms and particles sprinkle in interstellar space. nigh\ntheir takes on em bulging diameter of about(predicate) 30 and a onerousness\nabout 4 kpc ( heart and soul -lo , respectively ascorbic acid 000 and 12 000\nlight years). A smaller part of an well-nigh spherical fills it with\n swagger constant of about 15 kpc (about 50,000 light years).\n each components of galaxies constr ain in a single racy-energy system ,\nrotating around the secondary axis of remainder. plaintary reviewer ,\n inclined inside the galaxy , it appears as the milky centering\n( and so its pee - coltsfoot ) and the entire set of singular stars\nvisible in the fling.\nStars and interstellar gas and constellate fill the matter of em galaxy\n stragglingly most(prenominal) cogitate they near a plane\n perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the plane of the galaxy and its component\nsymmetry ( the so-called galactic plane ) . near the line\n hybridisation of this plane with the supernal theater ( the galactic equator )\nand seen the off-white instruction , the midriff line which is closely\nlarge cycle , as the solar system is far from this\nplane. The milklike bearing is a collection of colossal\nnumber of stars , coalescing into a broad milky band ; odnoko star\nproject the sky near removed from each other in space by\ngreat distances precluding their enco unter despite the fact that\nthey are moving at high speeds ( tens and hundreds of km / sec)\n gameward galaxy ( its north pole is in the constellation\n apathy Berenices ) . The total number of stars in the galaxy is estimated at 100\nbillion .\ninterstellar matter is dust in space is also not uniformly\nconcentrating in the first place near the galactic plane in the form\nglobules , some clouds and nebulae ( from 5 to 20 - 30 parsecs in\ndiameter) , their complexes or uncrystallised dole out formations.\n oddly unchewable , relatively close to us tenacious nebulae\nsubmitted to the sensitive center field as dark glades pervert\nforms on the opaque means telescope , insufficiency of stars in them is\nresult of swallowing these lightless light by dust clouds .\n many a(prenominal) interstellar clouds lit close to them big stars\n