Assets, liabilities, equity Essay Example for Free

Assets, liabilities, equity EssayAccounting, per se, is based on five types of accounts namely assets, liabilities, equity, income and expense. These account types belong either of the Balance aeroplane accounts or Income and Expense accounts. Assets, liabiliites, and equity fall under the balance sheet account and the rest goes to the income and expense accoutnts. Definining each, asset is composed of a group of things that an someone or an entity owns. These includes tangible items like car, cash or often stocks (intangible) and others that possess convertible values. On the other hand, liabilities are group of things on which an individual or an entity is indebted to. Loans and mortgages are the common examples of liabilities. Equity, is what we also call net worth an amount that is represented to be the remainder after deducting the liabilities of an individuals or an entitys from its group of assets. Meanwhile, income is the same as profit something that you earn as paym ent from the time, services, or goods that you offered in exchange of money.Expenses include all those monetaries that were used to make headway the goods or services of someone else. Amongst various accounts in an entity, the stocks barter and replacement costs are the fundamental accounts that change when an entity assimilates to a corporate merger. Stock swap is frequently used in the accounts of a corporate merger since it does not prohibit the shareholders of merging companies to distribute among them the risk that is involved in the merging transaction. replacement cost, on the other hand is comes in when entities will employ cost in replacing that target company. However, replacment cost can only be true(a) in most cases where an industry does not give services. References Investopedia ULC (2008) Mergers and Acquisitions Introduction. Retrieved November 17, 2008, from http//www. investopedia. com/university/mergers/default. asp Money Instructor (2005) Basic Accounting Term inology 101. Retrieved November 17, 2008, from http//www. moneyinstructor. com/art/basicaccounting. asp

Electrolux Case Summary Essay Example for Free

Electrolux Case Summary EssayAs the largest domestic crossings manufacturer in the populace, Electrolux has about 70000 employees all around the world in about 150 countries, making 14 billion euros in sales in 2005. However, an acquisition case from its main competitor, Whirlpool, is challenging the ? rst place of Electrolux, at the time Electrolux has just resolved to divest its outdoor division. A huge decrease in sales in the following years is expected. Starting from 1920s, Electrolux has been famous for its expertise in industrial design on products such as vacuum cleaner and refrigeration. The products quickly got popular not only in its home base country in Sweden, but in other western countries such as Germany, France, USA and UK, due to the homogeneous culture of these countries. A major outgrowth in demand after World War II contributed a lot to its growth. With a large amount of accumulated cash of the past decades, Electrolux decided to expand quickly through a number of acquisitions for more market share and diversi? cation.In late 20th century, Electrolux discovered new markets in underdeveloped countries when the market in western countries was already very mature and was even showing a sign of going down. It also went through a bod of restructuring the segmentations of products as well as abandoned some less important activities. Up until 2006, the company has addressed its new strategies mainly on functional level to correspond to the challenges. To maximize the pro? t, the production would be outsourced to developing countries with lower labor costs. More ef? ient logistics has made the globalization more feasible and cost-saving. On the product market level, due to the market polarization, a more distinguishing product segmentation would be applied.While keeping the basic low-price products, Electrolux is launching a series of products with higher(prenominal) prices to satisfy the high-end market. On the other hand, 2% of sales would be put in RD to keep a high rate of new products launches. The supply chain management has always been vital when it comes to consumer goods industry. When Electrolux is outsourcing more of the productions, it is also hifting the strategy of distribution channels. Instead of traditional dealers, big chains with large volume and high geographical coverage are brought up front because of lower serving cost. Above all these, the company keeps making efforts on brand-building by investing at least(prenominal) 2% of the sales every year. With more products are sold under Electroluxs name, the company is also improving its brand image by stressing more on their culture through internal and external relations among employees, suppliers and retailers, etc.

Human resource management Essay Example for Free

Human pickfulness management EssayA Human Resources Management System (HRMS) or Human Resources knowledge System (HRIS) refers to the systems and processes at the intersection between serviceman resource management (HRM) and education technology.It merges HRM as a discipline and in particular its basic HR activities and processes with the information technology field, whereas the programming of entropy processing systems evolved into standardized routines and packages of enterprise resource planning (ERP) softw be package.On the whole, these ERP systems gain their origin on softw are that integrates information from opposite applications into one universal database. The linkage of its financial and human resource modules through one database is the most important distinction to the individually and proprietary real predecessors, which makes this software application both rigid and flexible.To reduce the manual workload of these administrative activities, organizations began to electronically automate many of these processes by introducing specialized human resource management systems. HR executives rely on internal or external IT professionals to develop and maintain an integrated HRMS.Before the clientserver architecture evolved in the late 1980s, many HR automation processes were relegated to mainframe computers that could handle large amounts of data transactions. In consequence of the high capital investment necessary to procure or program proprietary software, these internally developed HRMS were limited to organizations that possessed a large amount of capital.The advent of clientserver, application service provider, and software as a service (SaaS) or human resource management systems enabled increasingly higher administrative control of such systems. Currently human resource management systems encompass.According to www.oracle.com using an electronic or computerized Human Resource System has several benefits. First is, Automate Key Proce sses,leverage workflow and internet-based processes to speed and perfect recruitment, hiring, budgeting, compensation, termination, performance, skills, collective agreements, and more.Perform rules-based HR budget control. Second, Get a Single Source of Truth, to maintain global HR data in a ace instance for better availability and accuracy of information, with a global single repository of employee data. Third is, Manage Total Compensation, to attract and retain with the right faction of salary and benefits.Set limits and warnings. Control budgets by discussion section, position, or role. Deploy absence and termination policies. Fourth is, Locate and Manage Talent Globally, to manage recruitment, hiring, and deployment on a global basis and address local country requirements at the same time. Manage address information, currency, data formats, banking details, and payment methods for any country. Conduct competency profile and management. Lastly, Integrate Intelligence with HR Management,to integrate intelligence with HR management to align the workforce with corporate objectives.According to www.nefsis.com using cloud-based video conferencing helps human resources cater leverage state-of-the-art communications and online collaboration tools to advance the HR agenda. Now, online training, employee benefit meetings, and job candidate interviews can be conducted in private and group realistic conference rooms anytime, anywhere.Using Video Conferencing has many benefits, to cut travel expenses for job candidate interviews, to shorten the hiring process, especially for distributed businesses, to improve the reach of employee benefit meetings to those that confounded in-person sessions and those traveling, working from home, or at remote offices, and lastly to create a better online platform for employee benefits, safety, and regulatory compliance training.1.1 BACKGROUNDNowadays, there are a lot of manual systems being renovated to computerized one. Just l ike the Human Resource (HR) departments, many companies take away evolved to a new computerized system, and also there are companies that still working on a manual based system. The function of Human Resource (HR) departments is generally administrative and common to all organizations.Organizations may have formalized selection, evaluation, and payroll processes. Efficient and effective management of human capital progressed to an increasingly imperative and complex process. The HR function consists of tracking existing employee data which traditionally includes personal histories, skills, capabilities, accomplishments and salary. Also the Human Resource (HR) department is in-charge of identifying the potential applicants (Applicant Hiring).Being a Human Resource (HR) department, it is humiliating that they do not have a permanent system or database that can store their employee or applicants information day by day. Sometimes, many companies encounter different problems related wit h the employee or applicants information.Using Ms Excel or Manual Filing is not advisable for storing or tracking employee or applicants data, using those kind of tracking or storing may cause of loss of file, unreliable data, time consuming, heavy manual workload, heavy human work force, and etc. on payroll, time and attendance, performance appraisal, benefits administration, HR information management system, recruiting/learning management, performance record, employee self-service, scheduling, absence management and analytics.The Human Resource (HR) department encourages the proponents to develop a system that will help or solve the existing problems regarding Human Resource (HR) department and also to decrease the human workforce.

The History And Background Of Suicide Nursing Essay

The History And Background Of Suicide Nursing EssaySuicide is the third leading cause of death among childlike people however the incidence of assay felo-de-se is much to a great extent than. It has been observed that aft(prenominal) puberty, roll of suicide increases with age until it stabilizes in young adulthood. This increase in suicide whitethorn be associated with the onset and increase in depressive and other disorders during adolescents as compared to childhood.Suicide ideation, gestures and attempts are frequently but not always associated with depressive disorders, reports target that as many as half of unsafe individuals express egotism-destructive intention to a friend or a relative within 24 hours before en diligent dangerous doings.It is a time proven fact that all the breathing organisms on this earth beseech for survival and existence. What then makes the man to attempt his own life? The tr patriarchaly of self inflicted death has always attracted the attention of the medical as well as the legal fraternity. People who conduct perpetrate suicide or have been thinking about committing suicide probably feel overwhelmed by their enigmas. They might not be able to handle that good-natured of pressure and feel that death would be the only way to escape it.( Alonso J,2008).Although suicide was condemned in the Dharmashastras, yet, there is also a chapter on allowed suicides. But the foregoing scriptures, of Manus and Kautilyas were against suicide. These sentiments were echoed for ages in India. Even though to sidereal day, attempted suicide is also a crime in India under the Indian Penal Code arrangement. The neighbouring nation Sri Lanka has removed attempted suicide as a punishable offence. In India, even the assisting and abetting suicide is also a punishable offence.The striking aspect of Indian entropy is the large variation in different subprograms of India in relation to attempted/committed suicide. The states and c ities with rapid fond change are associated with high suicide rates in the year 2010, much(prenominal) as the states of Tamilnadu (5470) and Andhra Pradesh (5675),Maharashtra (6289), West Bengal (5302).(NCRBI 2007).Adolescence is a stressful give voice intellectual period filled with major changes body changes, changes in thoughts, and changes in feelings. Strong feelings of stress, confusion, fear, and uncertainty, as well as pressure to succeed, and the ability to think about things in new ways influence a teenagers enigma solving and decision making abilities.For some teenagers, normal developmental changes, when compounded by other events or changes in their families such as enate break up or moving to a new community, changes in friendships, difficulties in school, or other losses can be very upsetting and become overwhelming. Problems may appear too difficult or embarrassing to overcome. For some, suicide may seem like a perfect solution.The adolescent suicide rate ha s greatly increased in recent years. Suicides in those ages 15 to 24 years erstwhile accounted for 5% of all suicides but now it is increased to 14%. This makes suicide the third leading cause of death among adolescents. Suicide rates for males within the age group of 10 14 years have tripled, whereas rates for males patriarchal 15 to 19 years have quadrupled. Rates for females have doubled. Males aged 15 to 19 years are some 5 times more than likely to kill themselves than females in the same age group. Although female adolescents attempt suicide 2 to 3 times more often than their male counterparts. save suicide attempts peak between the ages of 15 and 19years.(WHO 2008).1.1 NEED FOR STUDY The numbers of suicides are increasing in India. India accounts for 10% of worlds suicides. According to the latest national crime record bureau report, there are over 1.2 lakh suicides in 2006 and 1.3 lakh in 2007. It also states that Bangalore has the highest rate of suicides in India. Ti ll June 2007 there have been around 900 cases of suicide reported from Bangalore city alone. In 2005, 1,480 persons have committed suicide, while in the year 2006, the number was over 2,000, and among all states, Karnataka stands second later Kerala, followed by Maharashtra and West Bengal (Gururaj G.2008).According to WHOs estimation, in the year 2004, approximately one million people died from suicide, and 10 20 times more people attempted suicide worldwide. This represents one death every 40 seconds and one attempt every 3 seconds, on average (WHO,2004).The adolescent suicide rate has greatly increased in recent years. Suicides in those ages 15 to 24 years once accounted for 5% of all suicides but now it is increased to 14%. This makes suicide the third leading cause of death among adolescents. Suicide rates for males within the age group of 10 14 years have tripled, whereas rates for males aged 15 to 19 years have quadrupled. Rates for females have doubled. Males aged 15 to 1 9 years are n wee 5 times more likely to kill themselves than females in the same age group. Although female adolescents attempt suicide 2 to 3 times more often than their male counterparts. put down suicide attempts peak between the ages of 15 and 19years(Marlow,2002).1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMSTRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON THE PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF SUICIDAL IDEATION AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN PRIYADARSHINI SCHOOL,PITHAPURAM,ANDHRA PRADESH.1.3 OBJECTIVES1.3.1 To pass judgment the friendship regarding preventive measures of unsafe ideation among adolescents.To evaluate the effectiveness of incorporate teach political platform on Preventive measures of Suicidal ideation among adolescents.1.3.3 To associate the preventive measures for suicidal ideation among adolescents with the various demographic variables.1.4 ASSUMPTIONSThe adolescents are prone for suicidal thoughts.1.5 HYPOTHESISThere will be a significant difference between the preventive measures for suicidal ideation befor e and after administration of unified teaching programme.There will be a significant association between the preventive measures for suicidal ideation with various demographic variables1.6 operable Definition1.6.1 Suicide is the act of intentionally taking ones own life in a culturallyno endorsed manner.1.6.2. Preventive measures refer to the risk factors, pattern signs, suicidal behavior, misconceptions of suicide, how to communicate and monitoring safety withdraws in the environment.1.7 Conceptual Framework Modified general systems theory of learning General systems theory is useable in breaking process into sequential operations or tasks to ensure goal realization. Purpose, goal or aim is necessary for any process or system. The aim of the translate is to increase the association of preventive measures for suicidal ideation.Input The first function is the input which is the information, energy or matter that enters the system. For a system to work well the input should con centrate in achieving the purpose of the system. In the present study the information, energy or matter which enters the system is the introduction of organize teaching programme regarding the preventive measures for suicidal ideation. In the present study input is the existing experience regarding preventive measures for suicidal ideation.Throughput According to the theorist, doneput refers to the process use by the system to convert raw material or energy into products that are usable by the system itself or by the environment. In this active phase, teacher converts the information from structured teaching programme regarding preventive measures for suicidal ideation.Output According to theorist, it refers to the product or service which proceedss from the systems finished put. Output in this study refers to the end product of the system. This is evidenced by adolescents gaining knowledge regarding the preventive measures for suicidal ideation.Evaluation Evaluation is the inf ormation about some aspects of selective information or energy processing that can be utilise, to evaluate and monitor the system and to guide it to more effective performance. In the present study, evaluation measures the success or failure of output. I t is done by measuring the performance and it is graded as adequate knowledge (75% scores), moderately adequate knowledge (50%-75% scores) and curt knowledge (Feedback The final function is feedback which is the process of communicating what is found in evaluation of the system. It is the information given back to the system to determine whether or not the purpose or end result of the system has been achieved. The final part of feed back communicates what is found in the evaluation and it tells whether the structured teaching programme was effective in enhancing the knowledge of adolescents regarding the preventive measures for suicidal ideation.1.8 Projected Outcome Structured teaching program attends to improve the knowledge on preventive measures for suicidal ideation among adolescents.Fig 1.1 MODIFIED SYSTEM MODEL TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF ADOLESCENTS REGARDING PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF SUICIDAL IDEATIONOUTPUTTHROUGH PUTINPUTAssessment of demographic variables of adolescents such as age, sex, family income, religion, parents education.Pre assessment of knowledge of adolescents regarding preventive measures of suicidal ideationPost assessment of knowledge of adolescents regarding preventive measures of suicidal ideationAdequateInadequateStructured teaching design on Preventive measures of suicidal ideationInadequateModerately adequateREASSESSMENTCHAPTER IIREVIEW OF LITERATUREReview of Literature is a key stair in research process. Nursing research may be considered as a continuing process in which knowledge gained from earlier studies is an integral part of research in general. In review of books a researcher analyses existing knowledge before delving into a new study and when making shrewdness about a pplication of new knowledge in nursing practice. The literature review is an extensive, systematic, and critical review of the most important published scholarly literature on a particular topic.2.1 Literatures related to Suicide risk factors2.2 Literatures related to Prevention of suicidal ideation2.1 Literatures related to Suicide risk factorsA case learn study was conducted to identify and quantify risk factors for realised suicides in Bangalore, India. The study was conducted with the families of 269 accomplished suicides and 269 living controls within the broader population of the city victimization psychological necropsy methods. The results deputeed that, the significant risk factors for completed suicides were the presence of previous suicidal attempt in self odds ratio (OR) = 42.62, interpersonal conflicts and marital disharmony with spouse OR = 27.98, drink OR = 23.38, presence of mental affection OR = 11.07, sudden economic bankruptcy OR =7.1, domestic violence OR = 6.82, and unemployment OR = 6.15. Individuals completing suicides did not have a positive outlook towards life, problem solving approaches and coping skills. The study concluded that, the discourse strategies should include prioritized macro and micro level efforts aimed at individual, family and society. (Gururaj G 2007)A study conducted involving 1205 adolescent students of 2 schools from New Delhi reported, one year suicidal ideation was 11.7%. they also found that physical abuse by parents, feelings neglected by parents, annals of running away from school, history of suicide by a friend and death wish were found to be associated with non-fatal suicidal behavior. (Siddhartha and Jena,2006).A study conducted on ruffleing and risk of suicidal behaviour among adolescents in New York. Total 2341 adolescents aged 13-19 years who were enrolled in grades 9 through 12 in suburban school was selected for study. Researchers used Beck printing Inventory to assess depression and suic ide Ideation Questionnaire. Suicide attempt history included any attempt, regardless extend of injury. With regard bullying behaviour, students were asked how often they had been bullied or had bullied others in and out of school during the past 4 weeks. Being bullied was defined as having the student say or do unpleasant thing or being teased repeatedly in a way the person does not like. lead shows about 20% student reported that they were victims of bullying in school and about 10% reported that they were victims of bullying outside the school. With regard to bullying behavior, about 25% students reported that they bullied other students in school and 15% reported that they were bullied others outside school .The risk of depression, suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt was significantly higher for students who were considered either a victim or a bully compared with students who were not. The more frequent the bullying behaviour the greater risk of depression, suicidal ideation or suicidal attempt. (Wagnar KD,2007).A study conducted on rates and factors associated with suicide in Kaniymbadi block, Tamil Nadu, South India. The setting for the study was a comprehensive community health programme in a development block in cracker-barrel South India. The main outcome measure was death by suicide diagnosed by detailed verbal autopsy and census and birth and death selective information to identify population base. Result shows the average suicide rate was 92.1 per 1,00.000. The ratio of male to female suicide was 10.66. The age specific suicide rate for women showed two peaks 15-24 year and over 65 years of age. Hanging (49%) and poisoning with organo-phosphorus compound (40.5%) were commonest method of suicide. sharp or chronic stress was elicited for nearly all subjects. More men suffered from chronic stress while more women had acute precipitating events (x2= 4.58 pA study conducted on risk factors for completed suicide in Banglore, India. A case control s tudy conducted with families of 269 completed suicides and 269 living control within the broader population of city, using psychological autopsy method. Result shows that several factor in the areas of family, marriage, education, occupation, general health, mental health and absence of protective factors contribute significantly for suicides .The significance factor were presence of previous suicidal attempt in self (odds ratio OR = 42.62), interpersonal conflicts and marital disharmony with spouse (O =27.98), alcoholism in self (OR=23.38), presence of mental illness (OR=11.07), sudden economic bankruptcy (OR=7.1), domestic violence (OR=6.82) and unemployment(OR= 6.15). Individual completing suicide did not have a positive outlook towards life, problem solving approaches and coping scale (Gururaj G and Isaac MK, 2007).A study was conducted on psychosocial risk factors associated with suicide attempts among psychiatric inpatient and this study examine how suicide attempts and violen t behavior associated with various psychosocial problems. This study included 216 inpatient who had physically assaulted another patient and a comparison group of 81 inpatient who had not assaulted any one. The result was suicide attempts were associated with a history of head trauma harsh parental discipline and parental psychopathology (Menhem.I and Krakowski, 2004).A study conducted on psychosocial stressors may be strongly associated with suicide attempts the aim of the study was to clarify the importance of psychosocial stressors in suicidal behavior and 250 suicide attempts seen at general hospital emergence room. Acute and chronic life events were assessed with the St. Paul Ramsey life experience scale Holmes and Rahes social adjustment scale respectively, life long adverse experience were also assessed. The logistical regression with dependent variable included psychosocial stressor (Odds ratio (OR)=33.6) And other interpersonal conflicts (OR =10.5) modification of life hab its (OR = 14.6) adult physical abuse (OR = 7.1) confounding factors with significant ORS were bunch up B traits (OR = 21.2) and finally this study mainly a replication of prior knowledge of psychosocial stressors.( Enrique Baca-Garcia, and Claudia.P.Parra,2007).A cross-sectional study of 342 adolescents aged 10-19 years from 19 schools. variable analysis showed that a history of self-violence, violent thoughts toward others, mental health diagnoses other than depression, and a history of sexual abuse were positively associated with suicide attempt. Sexual abuse, mental health diagnoses other than depression, self-violence, and ease of access to lethal substances/weapons were positively associated with suicide ideation and found a relatively high prevalence of suicide ideation and suicide attempts among adolescents living in Western Jamaica. An accurate understanding of the prevailing risk factors for suicide attempts will promote a more sympathetic approach to victims and facilit ate legal profession efforts.( Rudatsikira E,2010).A cross-sectional school survey of 4,500 adolescent students base on a structured suspicionnaire. entropy were collected using the supervised self-administered questionnaire (modified version of the juvenility Risk Behavior Surveillance in the Malaysian National Language, Bahasa Malaysia). Seven percent (312 of 4,454) of the adolescent students had seriously considered attempting suicide. Among the adolescents, 4.6% had attempted suicide at least once during the 12 months preceding the survey. Female adolescents were more likely to put their suicidal thoughts into suicidal action than were male adolescents. Malay and Indian people are more likely than the Chinese to respond, Felt sad and hopeless. However, Malay adolescents had the lowest rate of attempted suicide. Based on multiple logistic regression, factors significantly related to urban adolescents suicide behavior are Felt sad or hopeless, Number of days felt unsafe to go to school, Riding with a driver who had been alcohol addiction alcohol, Physical fight, and Number of days absent from school. In comparison, factors relating to rural adolescents suicide behavior are Felt sad or hopeless, Physical fight, Physical fight resulting in injury, and Drive a vehicle after drinking alcohol. Adolescent suicide behavior should be viewed as a serious problem. Measures can be interpreted to prevent suicide by looking at the factors significantly linked to suicidal behavior among adolescents. Steps can then be taken to identify adolescents who have serious suicidal ideation so that intervention can be taken to reduce the suicidal rate.( Chen PC and Lee LK,2005).A comparative study conducted at Slovenia in 2006 to compare coping styles among adolescents with and without deliberate self-harm concluded that suicidal ideation was associated with higher scores on emotional coping and visit scores on rational and detachment coping styles. Deliberate self-harm was associated with significantly higher scores on avoidance coping strategies and set a need for improving coping strategies among deliberate self harm adolescents(Marusic A, Goodwin RD,2006).A study conducted on the associations between peer and parental relationships and suicidal behaviour in early adolescents. Method used statistics Canadas National Longitudinal Survey of Children Youth as the dataset. This cross sectional sample included 1049 girls and 1041 age 12 to 13 years. Answers obtained through self- report questionnaires that included measures of peer relationships, parental nurturance, and parental rejection, suicidal ideation and attempts. Result shows that among early adolescent boys and girls, depression, poor peer relationships, decrease parental nurturance and increase parental rejection wear all significantly associated with suicidal ideation and attempt.( Sarah A and Laurence YK, 2006).2.2 Literatures related to Prevention of suicidal ideationAn observational stu dy was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a school based suicide awareness intervention among adolescents in Louisville, Kentucky. A self report questionnaire was used to collect data. A Solomon four groups design was used to assess the cleverness of suicide intervention classes. The results revealed that, the experimental groups as compared with control groups showed significant gains in relevant knowledge about suicidal peers and significantly more positive attitudes toward help seeking and intervening with troubled peers. (Kalafat J.,2006).A study was conducted to assess the efficacy of a school based prevention programme for reducing suicide potence among high risk youth in Washington, USA. A sample of 105 subjects at suicide risk participated in a three group, repeated measures, intervention study. Participants in (1) an assessment plus 1 semester experimental programme, (2) an assessment plus 2- semester experimental programme, and (3) an assessment only grou p were compared, using data from pre intervention, 5 month, and 10 month follow up assessments. The results kindleed that, all groups showed decreased suicide risk behaviours, depression, despair, stress, and anger all groups also reported increased self- esteem and network social support. Increased personal control was observed only in the experimental groups, and not in the assessment only control group. The potential efficacy of the experimental school based prevention programme was demonstrated. The study concluded that, the necessary and sufficient strategies for suicide prevention have to be adopted. (Eggert LL, 2004).A study was conducted to assess the impact of a suicide prevention programme for adolescents on suicidal tendencies, hopelessness, ego identity, and coping ability in Israel. 393 adolescents from six schools participated in the study. The subjects were randomly shared out into experimental (n = 215) and control (n= 178) groups. The experimental groups took part in seven weekly 2 hour meetings. In this pre-test function-test design, the students completed questionnaires of suicidal tendencies, hopelessness, ego identity, and coping ability before and after the programme. The statistical analysis showed that the experimental groups were superior to the controls, with at least some of the dependent measures pointing out the effectiveness of the programme ( Orbach I, 2003).An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Signs of Suicide (SOS) prevention programme in Farmington, USA. 2,100 students in 5 high schools were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Self administered questionnaire were completed by students in both groups approximately 3 months after programme implementation. The results revealed that, significantly lower rates of suicide attempts and greater knowledge and more adaptative attitudes about depression and suicide were observed among students in the intervention group than control group. The study concluded that, SOS is the first school based suicide prevention programme to demonstrate significant reductions in self reported suicide attempts (Eggert LL and Thompson EA,2007).A study was conducted on the effectiveness of school based psycho-educational programme in suicide prevention in adolescents. Sample collected from 172 high school students in the 16-18 age group include 108 girls and 64 boys. Method used a structured self-report questionnaire. The results show that the programme had no effect on coping styles and level of hopelessness. However positive effect on knowledge could be identified an interaction effect of the programme with gender on attitude was also found. A negative impact of programme could not be found. Findings from study suggest that psycho-educational programs in schools may influence knowledge about suicide and attitudes towards suicidal persons but may not affect the use of coping styles or levels of hopelessness (Gwendolyn P and Kees VH,2006).A study was conducted on the evaluation of the signs of suicide prevention program where data was collected from 4133 students in 9 schools. Method used self administered questionnaires completed by students in both groups approximately 3 month after the program implementation. Result shows significantly lower rates of suicide attempts and greater knowledge and more adaptive attitude about depression and suicide were observed in intervention group.( Robert H and Asetine J,2007).A study was conducted on to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of an Informational Booklet on cancer risk factors among college students, nurses and doctors at university of Delhi. The objectives of the study was (1) to prepare an informational cusp on cancer risk factors (2) to assess the knowledge before and after the administration of informational booklet on cancer risk factors and (3) to determine the acceptability and utility of an informational booklet by college students, nurs es and doctors. The one group pre-test post-test pre experimental research design adopted Convenient sampling method was used to select sample size 30. The data arrangement instruments used were (I) a structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the knowledge of students and (2) two structured opinionnaires were used to gather opinion regarding acceptability and utility of the booklet from college students, doctors and nurses. The results shown that information booklet is effective in increasing the knowledge of the college students as evident from t (29) = 52.44 higher significant. Doctors and nurses were higher and close to the maximum possible acceptability and utility scores. The study concluded that the informational booklet was acceptable and useful for findings cancer risk factors ( Bairwa KS,2002).CHAPTER IIIMATERIALS AND METHODSResearch design provides the glue that holds the research project together. A design is used to structure the research, to show how all of the ma jor parts of the research project. This study was designed to find out effectiveness of structured teaching programme in promoting knowledge on preventive measures of suicidal ideation among adolescents. This study was conducted by adopting following steps of research process as research design, setting, population and sampling, criteria for selection of samples, instruments and tools for data collection and methods of data analysis. Pilot study was conducted and changes were incorporated.3.1 Research DesignThe study was based on one group pre test and post test design. Pre test knowledge on preventive measures of suicidal ideation among adolescents was assessed before providing education programme. Education regarding what is suicide, risk factors,misconceptions and facts, preventive measures of suicide was delivered through lecture cum discussion method by using LCD, blackboard. After a period of 5 to 7 days of education, the knowledge on preventive measures of suicidal ideation a mong adolescent was reassessed. The paired t test was used to compare the pre test score and post test score and assosciation was used to find among variables.3.2 Setting of the landing field The study was conducted in Priyadarshini High school Pithapuram, Andhra Pradesh.3.3 people The population of this study consisted of adolescents in the 9th standard.3.3.1 Sample size Size was determined by purposive sampling. All adolescents in the 9th standard were taken for the study 50 students.3.4 Criteria for selection of sampleInclusion criteriaAdolescents in the class of 9th standardVariables of the study3.5.1 Independent variable The independent variable in this study is structured teaching programme on preventive measures of suicidal ideation.3.5.2 Dependent variable The dependent variable in this study is knowledge level gained by adolescent.3.6 Instruments and tools for data collection A questionnaire was prepared to assess the knowledge of adolescents towards preventive measures o f suicidal ideation . A structured questionnaire was developed based on literature, journal, text book. The questionnaire has two aspects demographic data and questionnaire on preventive measures of suicidal ideation.Section A The demographic data includes sample number, age, sex, number of siblings, religion, family profile.Section B This section consists of 25 questions, for each question 4 options were given in that only one is correct, students have to tick any one of the 4 options. For each question one mark was awarded, maximum mark obtained was 25. It was mandatory that all the 25 questions should be responded by the student.ScoringAdequate 75%Moderately adequate 50 -75%Inadequate 3.7 Reliability and validity of instruments and tools for data collection The tool was prepared with the help of literature, research and subject guides. The reliability and validity was tested through pilot study. Additions and modifications suggested by experts were included in the tool.3.8 Data Collection Procedure Data collection was done in the month of July data was collected through self administered questionnaire. After assessment education was delivered through lecture cum discussion using LCD, charts, black board. Doubts were clarified at the end of teaching. The reassessment was done after 5 to 7 days from the day the education started.3.9 Method of Data Analysis and Interpretation Frequency distribution tables were formulated for all baseline information. Frequencies were tabulated to understand the knowledge on preventive measures of suicidal ideation. The distribution pattern was depicted through appropriate graphical methods. Results were inferred through statistical techniques likes paired t test and association was used among variables.3.9.1 Paired t test This formula was adopted to find out the significant difference between pretest and post test score, of adolescents to understand the knowledge on preventive measures of suicidal ideation.= Mean difference between pretest and post test score.d = Difference between pretest score and post test score.SD = Standard deviation of the pretest score and post test score.= number of samples.3.10 Report of Pilot Study Pilot study was conducted in Priyadarshini School, Pithapuram,Andhra Pradesh. For the Pilot Study 16 Students were taken from 9th standard. The questionnaire was given to the students for the assessment of knowledge on Prevention Of suicidal ideation, after Pre-test it was found that only 2 students had adequate knowledge, 13 had moderately adequate knowledge,1 had in adequate knowledge. After structured teaching programme, the result of the Post test is as follows, 8 students had adequate knowledge, 8 students had moderately adequate knowledge. None of them had inadequate knowledge.3.11. Changes Brought After pilot Study After the pilot study changes were made in the questionnaire.CHAPTER -IVDATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONData analysis is the process of analyzing the data in such a way that the research questions can be answered (Hungler and Polit, 2004). This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of data collected from students of Priyadarshini high school in Pithapuram, A.P. Students knowledge on preventive measures of suicidal ideation w

John Rawls Theory Of Justice Philosophy Essay

prat Rawls Theory Of jurist Philosophy EssayA Theory of justice is Rawlss attempt to formulate a philosophy of justness and a theoretical program for establishing semipolitical structures foundinged to preserve companionable justness and individual emancipation. Rawls writes in reaction to the then predominant conjecture of utilitarianism, which posits that justice is defined by that which provides the enormousest beloved for the greatest number of people. Rawls proposes a theoretical person who, shrouded in a wipe away of ignorance, must design a just parliamentary law without foreknowledge of his or her own status in that fraternity. Rawls asserts that from this objective vantage point, which he c each(prenominal)s the pilot film position, the individual will study a system of justice that adequately provides for those positi whizzd on the lowest rungs of society. The individual will do so because he or she may end up in such a disadvantaged position and will wa nt to be adequately provided for. Rawls draws from earlier theories of political philosophy that posit a companionable declaration by which individuals implicitly agree to the terms on which they ar governed in any society. Rawls concludes that such a societal contract, formulated from the perspective of the legitimate position, will guarantee a just society without sacrificing the happiness or liberty of any one individual.Rawls addresses issues of liberty, affable equality, democracy, and the conflict of interests between the individual and society.A Theory of Justice Summary Justice as FairnessIn A Theory of Justice, Rawls begins with the statement that, Justice is the initiative virtue of social institution, meaning that a good society is one structured according to principals of justice. Rawls asserts that existing theories of justice, actual in the field of philosophy, be non adequate My guiding dumbfound is to work out A Theory of Justice that is a viable option to these doctrines which pose long dominated our philosophical tradition. He calls his supposition-aimed at formulating a conception of the basic structure of society in accordance with social justice-justice as fairness.Rawls sets forth to desexualise the essential linguistic rules of justice on which a good society may be ground. He explains the importance of principles of justice for two key purposes first, to provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and secondly, to define the appropriate distribution of the benefits and burdens of society. He observes that, by his definition, well-ordered societies are ancient due to the fact that what is just and unjust is usually in dispute. He further nones that a well-ordered and perfectly just society must be formulated in a way that addresses the problems of efficiency, coordination, and stability.Critique of UtilitarianismThroughout the ordinal century, the dominant philosophical theory of justice in Western philosophy was utilitarianism. Utilitarianism was first developed in the nineteenth century by the great utilitarians, whom Rawls lists as David Hume, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism essentially posits that a just society is one base on achieving the greatest good, or happiness, for the greatest number of people. However, many theorists have found this principle ultimately unsatisfactory because it implies that the Complete A Theory of Justice SummaryCited from A Theory of Justice Introduction. Nonfiction Classics for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 3. Detroit Gale, 1998. eNotes.com. January 2006. 6 September 2010. .A brief synopsis from WikipediaIn A Theory of Justice, Rawls argues for a principled reconciliation of liberty and equality. Central to this effort is an account of the draw of justice (inspired by David Hume), and a fair choice built in bed (closer in spirit to Immanuel Kant) for parties facing such circumstances. Principles of justice are sought to guide the steer of the parties. These parties face moderate scarcity, and they are neither naturally altruistic nor rigorously egoistic they have ends which they give on to advance, but desire to advance them through cooperation with others on reciprocally acceptable terms. Rawls offers a model of a fair choice situation (the professional position with its overcloud of ignorance) within which parties would supposititiously choose mutually acceptable principles of justice. Under such constraints, Rawls believes that parties would find his favored principles of justice to be especially attractive, winning out over varied alternatives, including utilitarian and libertarian accounts.In 1974, Rawls partner at Harvard, Robert Nozick, published a defense of libertarian justice, Anarchy, State, and Utopia.3 Because it is, in part, a reaction to A Theory of Justice, the two books are now often read together. some other Harvard colle ague, Michael Walzer, wrote a defence of communitarian political philosophy, Spheres of Justice,4 as a result of a seminar he co-taught with Nozick. In a related line of criticism, Michael Sandel ( in addition a Harvard colleague) wrote Liberalism and the Limits of Justice,5 which took Rawls to task for postulation us to think about justice while divorcing ourselves from the very values and aspirations that define us. Sandels line of argument in part draws on critiques of Rawls advanced by both Charles Taylor and Alasdair MacIntyre who argue for the importance that moral ontologies have on ethical arguments.6Robert Paul Wolff wrote Understanding Rawls A Critique and Reconstruction of A Theory of Justice7 now following the publication of A Theory of Justice, which criticized Rawls from a roughly Marxist perspective. Wolff argues in this work that Rawls theory is an apology for the status quo insofar as it constructs justice from existing practice and forecloses the possibility that there may be problems of injustice embedded in capitalist social dealings, private property or the trade economy.Feminist critics of Rawls, such as Susan Moller Okin,8 largely focused on the extent to which Rawls theory could account for (if at all) injustices and hierarchies embedded in familial relations. Rawls argued that justice ought wholly to apply to the basic structure of society. Feminists, rallying around the theme of the personal is political, took Rawls to task for failing to account for injustices found in patriarchal social relations and the gendered division of labor, especially in the household.The effronterys of the original position, and in particular, the use of maximin reasoning, have also been criticized ( to the highest degree notably by Kenneth Arrow9 and John Harsanyi),10 with the implication either that Rawls designed the original position to derive the two principles, or that an original position more faithful to its initial purpose would not lead to hi s favored principles. In say Rawls has emphasized the role of the original position as a device of representation for making sense of the idea of a fair choice situation for free and equal citizens.11 Rawls has also emphasized the relatively modest role that maximin plays in his argument it is a useful heuristic rule of thumb inclined the curious features of choice behind the blot out of ignorance.12Some egalitarian critics have raised concerns over Rawls emphasis on primary social goods. For instance, Amartya Sen has argued that we should attend not only to the distribution of primary goods, but also how effectively people are able to use those goods to pursue their ends.13 In a related vein, Norman Daniels has wondered why wellnesscare shouldnt be treated as a primary good,14 and some of his subsequent work has addressed this question, arguing for a right to health care within a broadly Rawlsian framework.15Philosopher Allan Bloom, a student of Leo Strauss, criticized Rawls for failing to account for the existence of natural right in his theory of justice, and wrote that Rawls absolutizes social union as the ultimate goal which would conventionalize everything into artifice.16Recent criticisms of Rawls theory have come from the philosopher G.A. Cohen. Cohens series of influential papers culminated first in his book, If Youre An Egalitarian, How keep an eye on Youre So Rich?17 and then in his later work, Rescuing Justice and Equality. Cohens criticisms are leveled against Rawls avowal of inequality under the difference principle, against his application of the principle only to social institutions, and against Rawlsian fetishism with primary goods (again, the metric which Rawls chooses as his currency of equality).Philosopher and Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen, a former student of Rawls, critiques and attempts to revitalize A Theory of Justice in his 2009 book The Idea of Justice. He defends the basic notion of justice as fairness but attacks t he notion that the two principles of justice emerging from the Original position are necessary. Sen claims that there are multiple possible outcomes of the reflective equilibrium behind the veil of ignorance.A Theory of Justice (1971), by John Rawls, is one of the most influential works in moral and political philosophy written in the twentieth century, according to Samuel Freeman in the Collected Papers of John Rawls (1999).A Theory of Justice is Rawlss attempt to formulate a philosophy of justice and a theoretical program for establishing political structures designed to preserve social justice and individual liberty. Rawls writes in reaction to the then predominant theory of utilitarianism, which posits that justice is defined by that which provides the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Rawls proposes a theoretical person who, shrouded in a veil of ignorance, must design a just society without foreknowledge of his or her own status in that society. Rawls asserts th at from this objective vantage point, which he calls the original position, the individual will choose a system of justice that adequately provides for those positioned on the lowest rungs of society. The individual will do so because he or she may end up in such a disadvantaged position and will want to be adequately provided for. Rawls draws from earlier theories of political philosophy that posit a social contract by which individuals implicitly agree to the terms on which they are governed in any society. Rawls concludes that such a social contract, formulated from the perspective of the original position, will guarantee a just society without sacrificing the happiness or liberty of any one individual.Rawls addresses issues of liberty, social equality, democracy, and the conflict of interests between the individual and society.A Theory of Justice SummaryJustice as FairnessIn A Theory of Justice, Rawls begins with the statement that, Justice is the first virtue of social institut ion, meaning that a good society is one structured according to principals of justice. Rawls asserts that existing theories of justice, developed in the field of philosophy, are not adequate My guiding aim is to work out A Theory of Justice that is a viable alternative to these doctrines which have long dominated our philosophical tradition. He calls his theory-aimed at formulating a conception of the basic structure of society in accordance with social justice-justice as fairness.Rawls sets forth to determine the essential principles of justice on which a good society may be based. He explains the importance of principles of justice for two key purposes first, to provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and secondly, to define the appropriate distribution of the benefits and burdens of society. He observes that, by his definition, well-ordered societies are rare due to the fact that what is just and unjust is usually in dispute. He further n otes that a well-ordered and perfectly just society must be formulated in a way that addresses the problems of efficiency, coordination, and stability.Critique of UtilitarianismThroughout the twentieth century, the dominant philosophical theory of justice in Western philosophy was utilitarianism. Utilitarianism was first developed in the nineteenth century by the great utilitarians, whom Rawls lists as David Hume, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism essentially posits that a just society is one based on achieving the greatest good, or happiness, for the greatest number of people. However, many theorists have found this principle ultimately unsatisfactory because it implies that the Complete A Theory of Justice SummaryI fondly recall arguing about Rawls theories in John Singers Values and Institutions variety at Colgate, so it was interesting to finally filter out reading it. It turns out, the revolution that Rawls created was based on a simple but tot ally specious change in the assumptions about human nature, and upon this rotten grounding he built up a shaky edifice to justify Liberal yearnings. The book is reminiscent of a treatise by a Medieval scientist, work out the elaborate orbital patterns that planets would require if the Universe actually were geocentric.In order to accomplish his revolution, Rawls posited a counterintuitive and antihistorical starting point for the discussion of political theory. The great political philosophers, Hobbes, Locke, etc., had used the state of nature as the starting point for their theories. In this state of nature, men were assumed to be completely self-involved and dedicated only to their own interests, with the result that life was nasty, brutish and short and only the strongest survived. But gradually men tired of this blood sport and entered into a social contract wherein they surrendered some personal sovereignty to a central governing entity, which, in whatever form, would enforc e a set of impartial laws in order to protect men from one another. This is a pretty minimalist position, the social contract and the government that it creates serve only to provide a certain(a) level of physical security, leaving men free to pursue their own fortunes and taking no interest in the degree to which they succeed. But it conforms with our intuitive collar of human nature, our observations of our fellow man and, most importantly, it has proven a workable basis for understanding politics for some 300 years.The essential change that Rawls do was to replace the State of Nature with his Original Position, wherein, when it came time for primordial man to enter into a social contract, because he would be ignorant of his own capacities (the veil of ignorance), he would pursue a low risk strategy and choose a social contract based on egalitarianism he would pay heedk the most equal distribution of riches and violence possible, just in case it turned out that he was the le ast fit of the species.If Rawls is right, if men acted on the assumption that they would be one of the ones left behind once the race of life begins, then the rest of his theory might be worth examining. But, of course, this assumption runs counter to everything we understand about ourselves and our fellow human beings. It is a fuzzy headed liberals view of the appropriate strategy for lifes losersmake political decisions on the basis of the likelihood that you are a loser and need help. But look around a casino or a Lottery Ticket line and you will see that the losers think that they too are winners. Look at polls about taxation levels and you find that the lower class does not want the upper class taxed too heavily, because they assume that they, or their children, are headed for that bracket eventually. It turns out that people act very much as the great philosophers expected them to they act out of naked self interest and the belief that they are capable and deserve whatever the y can achieve. The justice that men seek is in fact minuscular more than an impartial application of a set of laws that are fair to all, not an equal distribution of goods and power, which would ineluctably impinge on the freedom of all.Rawls great error is to try to base his theory on a generalized yearning for happiness. Rawls was seeking a positive definition of Mans aspiration in the original position, but the inevitable result, because we will all define happiness differently, is to create a foundational quagmire for his theories. After all, you may define happiness as having a lot of stuff, but I may define it as spiritual enlightenment. The classic understanding, basing the social contract on the avoidance of death, is obviously universal, we are all agreed that our own deaths are to be avoided, and, therefore, more sound. .Finding the basic supposition that props up Rawls whole theory to be fundamentally incorrect, it behooves us little to examine the superstructure he see ks to construct upon this error. Suffice it to say, no system of government has ever achieved a more equal distribution of wealth and power than has the American Constitutional Republic and it is based on the classic understanding of human nature found in Hobbes and Locke. Nuff said.(Reviewed)John Rawls is perhaps the most evidential intellectual in philosophical ethics to have written in the past hundred years. It is nearly impossible to address ethics in contemporaneous philosophy without saying something about John Rawls. Central to his theory of justice are the concepts of fairness and equality from behind what he terms a veil of ignorance.Rawlss veil of ignorance is a component of the way people can construct society. He refers to an original position in which a person is attempting to determine a fair arrangement for society without any preconceived notions or prejudices.In this original position, people are behind what Rawls calls a Veil of Ignorance and do not know where t hey will fall in the social hierarchy in terms of race, class, sex, disability, and other relevant factors. Rawls is a Kantian liberal in that he believes that principles of justice should be universalizable, and so the only way to ensure that people will select fair principles of justice is to be certain that they do not know how the principles they select might affect them as individuals. A person behind the veil of ignorance does not know which side of a social contract he or she will be on, does not know his or her race, class, sex, or status in society. A person who does not know what privileges he or she will be born with (or without ) is, in Rawls view, more likely to construct a society that does not arbitrarily assign privilege based on characteristics that should have no bearing on what people get. Rawls believes that a society cannot be just without fairness and equality and believes this veil of ignorance both reveals the biases ofIn A Theory of Justice, Rawls attempts t o make a rational study of social ethics by using reason to determine what a just society should look like and how a rational group of people would organize themselves. One majortopic of interest that Rawls presents is the veil of ignorance concept and its role in the creation of original position. Two further concepts of importance to the theory of a just society are the difference principle and the concept of individual liberty in society. Together, these three concepts provide a basis for the discussion and critique of Rawls theory and its implications for the pursuance of justice. current society and can help to prevent biases in establishing future social arrangements.In A Theory of Justice, Rawls attempts to make a rational study of social ethics by using reason to determine what a just society should look like and how a rational group of people would organize themselves. One majortopic of interest that Rawls presents is the veil of ignorance concept and its role in the creati on of original position. Two further concepts of importance to the theory of a just society are the difference principle and the concept of individual liberty in society. Together, these three concepts provide a basis for the discussion and critique of Rawls theory and its implications for the pursuance of justice.Rawls method to justice as a theory proposes that principles of justice can be determined through the rational thinking of individuals shrouded by a veil of ignorance. In a purely hypothetical situation, the veil of ignorance creates an original position of equality in which persons under the veil have no knowledge of status, position in society, personal wealth or natural abilities. From behind the veil of ignorance, a rational, objective and disinterested group of people would choose a system of justice that ensures an equal distribution of rights and duties.The term reflective equilibrium was coined by John Rawls and popularized in his celebrated A Theory of Justice as a method for arriving at the capacitance of the principles of justice.AbstractJohn Rawls Theory of Justice (1971) is the single most important philosophical work of the Left since Marx. Rawls A Theory of Justice can be understood as two theories addressing two different subjects. The split can also be seen textually. The first half of the book deals almost exclusively with the hypothetical theory of justice founded in the original position. The second half of the book addresses how actual institutions should operate given the findings of the initial theory. There are many instances, such as Rawls distinction between fair and formal equal opportunity, where Rawls claims that the purely speculative arguments of his theory can justify his claims concerning actual situations. However, as Sher argues, it is not necessarily the case that Rawls can make the connection. Rawls hypothetical theory can operate on its own. Rawls theory of just institutions is a stronger argument if he does not try and connect the two theories. The problem of desert is one example of how Rawls theory of justice as fairness should be read as two theories.Rawls offers a theory of a just and well-ordered society which would distribute wealth, income, liberties, opportunities and positions of authority. He considers justice as fairness as a political -moral conception of justice. The principles of justice are two according to Ralws and these would justify a given body of social, moral and political ideas since they are congruent to our ferments convictions.Utilitarianism was first developed in the nineteenth century by the great utilitarians. Utilitarianism essentially posits that a just society is one based on achieving the greatest good, or happiness, for the greatest number of people. However, Rawls rejects Utilitarianism, for it fails to grow into consideration, the distinction that exists between individuals. Since it aims at the greatest happiness and tries to maximize greatest welfare , it fails to secure individual rights. Rawls relies on the social contract tradition in its Kantian form to account for principles that would guide individuals noumenal selves, secure equal basic liberties to all and account for social values and community.In A Theory of Justice, Rawls begins with the statement that, Justice is the first virtue of social institution, meaning that a good society is one structured according to principals of justice. . Rawls asserts that existing theories of justice, developed in the field of philosophy, are not adequate My guiding aim is to work out A Theory of Justice that is a viable alternative to these doctrines which have long dominated our philosophical tradition. He calls his theory-aimed at formulating a conception of the basic structure of society in accordance with social justice-justice as fairness. He claims that justice as fairness provides a practical political procedure, which satisfies the demand of modern democracies societies. Plura lism entailed by industrial societies is presumed to be the permanent features of modern democracies, which challenges the priority of philosophy over democracy.However, Rawls theory has received large scale attention by some well-known Academicians. Some of them have disagreed and challenged its basic assumptions. These critical appraisals, but, indicate the importance of his work if one wants to deliberate on problems of contemporary social and political theory. In this thesis will try to excavate the philosophical understanding of the Rawlsian theory of justice and also try to identify the philosophical shift in his position under the light of some of major critiques.

Strategic analysis of global operations of supply chains

Strategic depth psychology of global operations of interpret twinesThe main objective of this study is to do a strategic analysis of the global operations of egress orbit deep down Mattel Toys Inc. Here its go forth kitchen range go forth be evaluated a considerable with the s divvy ups/ warrantor threats it faced and a feigningling will be presented to manage these insecuritys.With growing product/service complexity, grant mesh topologys ar also becoming increasingly complex in the wake of outsourcing and globalization. This has alter take a chance, changing it continuously. hazard can generally be termed as a probability of injury, hazard, damage or any other unwanted outcomes. The Royal monastic order (1992) defined a more systematic explanation of riskiness the probability that a grouchy adverse event occurs during a stated period of time, or results from a particular challenge.In this study, we will suggest a manikin for future supply chain risk manageme nt in the view of Mattels suppose in 2007. This recall left a trail of media reports, public critique, investigations and huge lessons learnt.Mattel Toys Inc. is a global leader in the design, manufacture and marketing of wagers and family products. It comprises of top-selling brands such as Barbie, Fisher-Price brands etc. Mattel is recognized as the 100 Most Trustworthy U.S. Companies by Forbes Magazine. (Source Wikipedia)In 2007, it experienced a sequence of continuous alarming product recalls in which around twenty one million toys were pulled out from sale. Whether the toys were defective in design to lose small magnets, which if consumed could harm kids, or they were toys contaminated with lead winder coming from unethical Chinese v sackors was irrelevant as the case was subjected to high media critique and got highlighted for quality mismanagement and varied logistic practices in outsourced vendors. (Biggemann 2008)The table (figure 1) on a lower floor shows the toys recal led from Mattels respective vendors and their sub-vendorsIndustry experts suggest that Mattel is locked in a relationship with China having five factories and manufacturing there for nearly 25 years. It outsources its production up to 50 part to third-party manufacturers and almost 65 percent of its toys argon produced in China.In spite of quality control efforts, Mattel has had 36 recalls since 1998 and two formal Consumer Product Safety commitment (CPSC) admonishments. Its most controversial recall, up until 2007, involved 10 million Power Wheels toy vehicles. (Biggemann 2008)Below is a timeline depicting the key events that took place during the course of this recall, paradigm 2 Mattels product recall timelineThe result of this recall was catastrophic for Mattel and it lost more than 45% of sh ares in market value. Although sales at international markets jocked it addition some profit for that interval (Casey, 2008), yet these had genuinely little impact on their annual figu res as compared to its loss. The question now raised was How did Mattel end up in such a tricky situation? Is it a case of heavy neglect or something worse? It is argued that this was the result of Mattels flawed sourcing strategy.Literature revueToy industry is one of the oldest industries for creativity and extremely volatile in nature. In the United States alone there are approximately 3 gazillion toys sold per year (Elsasser 2007). Toy sales estimate are nearly 22 billion USD (Strickler 2007). Figure 3 estimates the annual toy sales from July 06 June 07 which pronounced a rise up to 22.5 billion USD.Figure 3 State of Toy IndustryErratic and changing demands in this industry create a layer of volatility due to undersized and customized selling-openings and rapid product lifecycles. Toy demand and toy retailers ingests are very volatile and expect toy manufactures to be very market responsive but most toy manufacturers respond with conventional mass-production strategy which i s very minimal in response and very mismatched to their strategy. egress networks of such industries are growing into complex and dynamic mesh of varying relationships (Harland et al., 1999). Risk is escalating and its focal point is ever changing within the dynamism of supply networks all due to outsourcing of supply operations overseas and also due to growing complexity of product/service life-cycle.Of late enquiry has explored strategies to minimize risk in toy supply chains and networks. One of the main assets of toy manufacturers is their network position and the relationships and policies that come with these (Turnbull et al., 1996). To asses and manage risks, network billet plays an important role especially in resource sharing, reputation management and terms of contract (Henders, 1992).To begin the research, a literary productions search was undertaken with the intention of jam articles colligate to supply chain shelter and risk. The search included all journals known to publish articles link up to security, risk, and/or supply chain management. Examination of the literature reveals four core premises that are consistently mentioned as vital for tightens seeking to maintain effective aims of security and in minimizing and/or managing supply chain risk.(1) Preparation and planning initiatives.A central focus of the supply chain security/risk literature is melody and supply chain continuity planning. Zsidisin et al. (2005a) beseech a four-step business continuity plan, including awareness creation, prevention, remediation, and knowledge management, thought to be salient for firms needing to protect themselves and their supply chains from external risks. The business continuity planning concept is conceptually aligned with the supply chain risk paradigm, i.e. supply continuity planning by Zsidisin et al. (2005b), who suggest that controlling risks at the supplier level is critical for firms wishing to avoid faultings in supply lines.(2) Secu rity-related partnerships.A nonher theme found in the security literature addresses the formation and maintenance of security-related supply chain partnerships. Sheffi (2001) posits that leveraging relationships with suppliers and governmental agencies is necessary to ensure against asset and product damage and thereby facilitate supply chain continuity. He proposes that supplier relationships should be construct both locally and globally, with higher tolerance for cost and lead-time requirements, in order to diversify supply risk.(3) Organizational adaptation.An additional emergent research focus deals with organizational adaptability as a coping response to potential or realized supply chain risks and crises. The literature broadly suggests that supply chain security-oriented firms take adaptative steps toward both securing supply chain assets and minimizing risk exposure.(4) Security-dedicated communications and technology.A final characteristic at the firm level is the imple mentation and usage of security/ risk-dedicated communications channels and/or security-facilitating or risk minimizing technology. Zsidisin et al. (2005a, b) state that the ability of the firm to manage information and knowledge, and to build continuously on the knowledge base, are imperative conditions for mitigating supply chain risk.In case of Mattel Toys Inc, risk came from the fact that about half of its toys are made in Mattel plants and about half are outsourced to vendor plants. Some of the problems came in when these vendor plants also outsourced to other vendor plants and again these other vendor plants outsourced, thus, making the supply chain very long or deep.The longer the supply chain, the harder it is for the foreign firms to keep track of who did what, when and the final quality of the parts or product (Lyles, 2008).The next section provides a security textile to deal with the past and unforeseen future risks in the complex supply network of Mattel Toys. They are suggested guidelines for marking, taxing and managing risk.Theoretical FrameworkThis section of the essay contains the overarching methodology for dealing with Mattels situation. For this purpose, the Supply Network Risk Tool put forward by Harland et al., 2002 has been practice sessiond. A diagram illustrating the entire methodology has been given below. This is followed by a justification for selection, and identification of shortcomings.(Fig4. Supply Network Risk Tool, Source Harland et al., 2002)Justification of the Theoretical FrameworkThe framework is built on earlier research and consists of singular frameworks for each section, thus evaluating the problem in detail. It provides a holistic view to assess the situation/incident and follows a definite sequence for mapping and implementing risk strategy. For disruption like that of Mattels recall in 2007 it provides a resilient approach for managing the risks involved in an efficient manner.Testing/ Expansion of the theore tical FrameworkThe Supply network risk framework consists of six sections which evaluate the overall situation of the organization in a comprehensive manner, and suggests solution accordingly. During the course of this expansion, Mattels situation is examine and simultaneously the framework is examined and later critiqued.Part 1- Map Supply Network The diagram provided below is a snapshot of Mattels supply chain from beginning to end that existed before the recall in 2007.(Fig5. Mattels Global Supply Chain, Source Barad, 2002)Identifying RisksRisks (table 1) within Mattels complex supply network commence been identified.Strategic risk (Simons 1999) rendering Affects business strategy implementationFor MattelNew technologies can render their products obsoleteSudden shifts in customer tasteskids are getting older younger (KGOY)toy retailers are consolidatingretail price is fallingSupply risk (Meulbrook 2000)Definition Adversely affects inward flow of any type of resource to enable o perations to take place also termed input riskFor Mattelincreasing customizationoutsourcing of operationsdisruption to the supplierquality problems, materials and parts shortages etcbankruptcy of supplier customer risk (Meulbrook 2000)Definition Affects likelihood of customers placing orders grouped with factors such as product obsolescence in product/market riskFor Mattel sac in customer buying patternShift in customer p reference pointsMore competitive products during demandOperations risk (Meulbrook 2000)Definition Affects a firms internal ability to produce and supply goods/servicesFor MattelFailed/ out-dated technologyLabour strikeDisasters and Natural CalamitiesReputation risk (Schwartz and Gibb 1999)Definition Erodes value of whole business due to loss of confidence.For MattelRecall historyFinancial risk (Meulbrook 2000)Definition Exposes a firm to potential loss through changes in financial markets can also occur when specific debtors defaultFor Mattel throw up in market sha reDevaluation of company share priceFall in credit ratingLegal Regulatory risk (Meulbrook 2000)Regulatory definition Exposes the firm with changes in regulations affecting the firms businessLegal definition Exposes the firm to litigation with action arising from customers, suppliers, shareholders or employeesFor MattelChanges in regulation and government policiesLawsuitsSupplier country legalities past these have been categorized into various types which have been used as a guideline to examine the risk (table 2) and consequences faced during their great product recall in 2007.Type of RiskIdentified RisksConsequencesCausesSupply RiskQuality relatedLead Paint ContaminationLoosely fitted componentsSupplier relatedFraud dumbfound DefaultRecall of products and associated costsLawsuitsRe-evaluation of suppliersSuppliers pulled out of marketincrease retailer controlDefective raw materials moving downstreamTrust deterioration discrepancy from quality standardsOutsourcing of quality contro l execrable transparency in Contract TermsPoor tractability of source of supplierFalsification of documents by suppliers drill of uncertified led paintDeviation from quality standardsImproper sub-vendor trackingFalsification of documents by suppliersImproper regulationOperations RiskDesign relatedUnfeasible magnet designRecall of products and associated costsCosts of redesign and RDFailed testing both in design and production stageFlawed RDCustomer Reputation RiskMarket relatedBrand ImageLoss in salesLoss in customer loyaltyUncertainty unfit consumer experience and accidentsHealth hazardsFalling consumer confidenceDecreased Brand LoyaltyAdverse impact on other productsLoss in revenueIncreased uncertainty in buyersHarmful productsBetrayal of customer trustDelicate target marketLegal Regulatory RiskPolicy lawsuit relatedLegislativeRegulatoryLawsuitsFine by CPSCLed to new and tighter regulationsDid not track their own standardsPolitical influence by stakeholdersFinancial Risk econom ical relatedDrop in share priceDrop in salesDrop in sales and revenueImplementation of 3-fold plan by MattelRetail pulloutRecall of productsMedia critique and bad publicityCustomer falloutStrategy RiskOutsourcing relatedVendor subcontractingSub-vendor quality controlDrop in product standardHarmed consumer baseAffected brand nameDropped market shareVendor subcontracting and consequently sub-vendor again subcontractingFlawed track of sub-vendor and sub-sub-vendor activitiesAssessing RiskIn this section a probability-impact matrix has been created to assess the impact of risk (mentioned in figure 3) on the supply network of Mattel Toys based on its probability of occurrence.High2,3,5,6,7,8,11,12,13, 18-23*Impact*Refer vermiform appendix ab for description of number1,4,10,14,15*ProbabilityLowHighThe matrix clearly shows that most of the major risks associated with its supply network lies in High Impact Low Probability and High Impact High Probability region. This matrix has been us ed as a reference to create another matrix (below) for a specific risk that Mattel suffered i.e., the great recall of 2007.HighFraud, Contract Default, Quality- Lead contamination, Design- Magnet component,Impact*Refer Appendix ab for description of numberBrand Image, Loss in sale, Loss in customer loyalty, Legal Regulatory, Drop in share priceLowProbabilityHighDuring this period, all risks had very high impact on Mattels supply network and caused setbacks and disruption which were hard to recover from.Managing RiskThere are a few ways in which Mattel can increase their capabilities of supply chain risk managementVisibility In order to properly assess supply chain risk and respond to events, visibility across the supply chain is required. This means that the supply chain risk management motherfucker mustiness be capable of integrating with, and object lessoning ERP analytics from, threefold disparate ERP systems, including systems supporting the supply and distribution nodes.Ev ent detection and liveing The sooner a supply chain disruption is recognized, the faster the response. An alert that shows up in e-mail or a portable e-mail device will ensure that the grab people are made aware of the event when it happens. Too many times, event detection is based on the event itself. To be truly valuable, alert should be triggered based on the anticipated impact of the event. For example, if a supplier goes out of business, but the loss of this supplier doesnt impact key metrics, an alert whitethorn not be necessary.Analytics The full suite of supply chain analytics needs to be modeled in the supply chain risk management tool to ensure the impact of a potential supply chain event is understood. When an event happens, analytics are used to model the event and determine the impact. Above all, these analytics need to be performed in real time, especially when responding to an unanticipated supply chain disruption. When an event happens, every second counts and a co mpany cant wait age or weeks to understand the impact or to determine resolution alternatives.Simulation Simulation is critical to both sides of supply chain risk management. When assessing the risks, simulation helps to model different risk scenarios. Further, simulation is used to model alternative mitigation strategies to ensure that they are sound. When responding to an unanticipated supply chain event, simulation is used to model and compare the various response alternatives.Collaboration The risk management team will need to evaluate several possible mitigation alternatives. Members of the team will likely not have the detailed knowledge necessary to explore all alternatives in the detail needed to develop a robust mitigation strategy. The ability to bring other people into the evaluation process is critical both to validate the proposed strategy and to propose key improvements to the strategy. Similarly when responding to an unanticipated supply chain event, collaborating w ith those with the detailed knowledge ensures that the response alternatives are reasonable.Scenario comparison in the process of developing mitigation strategies or responses, the team whitethorn develop multiple approaches that potentially resolve the problem, but in differing ways. The team needs to make a decision on which resolution or mitigation alternative trump meets the goals of the organization. One approach may extend lead times by 30 days, while the other may increase the cost of goods sold by 10%. The decision on which approach is best needs to be evaluated in light of corporate goals.Form collaborative supply network risk strategyTo be successful in todays aggressive toy market, retailers and manufacturers should drive lean and closely controlled supply chains. As the rate of promotional marketing and modern product launch continues to grow, companies are mostly caught between dynamic customer demands and comparatively fixed manufacturing and logistics parameters and limitations. Collaborative planning helps in dealing with supply chain issues. To improve supply chain responsiveness in Mattel, it requires shared visibility with suppliers and retailers into events happening now and in the future, while working jointly to resolve issues and problems meet delivery constraints.ImplementationTo keep up with dynamism of market demand and unseen risks, Mattel needs to implement its strategies for risk management in clear structured, and/or procedural way. According to Freedman (2003), strategy implementation should encompass order, commitment, ingenuity, management control and advanced execution skills. In Mattel, the Corporate Responsibility division should use this as a guideline for their advisory and research. Freedman (2003) also observed that moderating complexity is one of the core steps in strategy implementation. This is in regard to Mattels supply chain network which was complex and vendor mismanagement lead to one of their biggest recalls. It is recommended for Mattel, to train and educated their workforce to give care unanticipated risks in supply networks (Harland et al, 2002). Their workforce needs to be made more aware of the total inherent risks faced after the great recall and learn to identify such risks in early stages. They need to focus on current practices of risk management and evaluate if these are apt after the recall. Mattel needs to handle complexities within their supply chain network by increasing visibility in it. This can be achieved by examining risk at the level of the network rather than restricted view to just immediate vendors (Harland et al, 2002).. They need to increase access to and control of sub-vendors throughout the supply network. This in turn will help them to expose risks throughout their supply chain. Also they need to develop/upgrade their existing supply network risk strategy and bring it in-line with their organizational practices and the framework suggested here.The key to succ essful risk management implementation is by identifying two situations to respond to supply chain events (Source Kinaxis)An unanticipated supply disruption1And, an anticipated supply disruption by executing a mitigation strategyIn both cases, the main task is to alert on time that an event has occurred. Its difficult to respond to an event if you lack information on it. The supply chain needs to be monitored continuously. The practice of risk management from spotting risks, through choosing suitable risk management strategies, and then altering the structure of the supply chain is an information-demanding procedure (Source Husdal). This means it is very dependent on information sharing. The key activity then is to identify vital information signalling risk while filtering data.CritiqueThe model is critiqued to identify the shortcoming of the frameworkThe model is build upon existing model and does not provide any new technique to provide a total security solution .The model is sub jective in nature as the antecedent Harland et al, 2002, themselves pointed out that on categorization and identification of risk, the view of assessors assessing may be different.It may not always be possible for organizations to continuously examine risks and have strategic frameworks in positionThe setting up of collaborative arrangements in supply network and identification of risks and implementation of this in existing system may prove costlyAs the model is subjective in nature, there might be difference in opinion of the assessors on the rating of particular risk in the organization.ConclusionIn the wake of Mattels great recall in 2007, it is seen that their strategy for outsourcing brought about one of their biggest losses and led to brand tarnishing and major fall in their market value. Their response to this crisis was well-handled but this raised questions on how they foresee their risks and avert them?The suggested security framework draws a birds eye view of their supp ly network and asses risk at every level of their supply chain. It provides 6 key tools to asses risk and some effective steps to implement them. Later this framework is also subjected to self-critique but from a broader picture it can provide some key modification to the shortcomings in Mattels current strategy.Recommendation

Marshall McLuhans Understanding Media Essay -- McLuhan Understanding

Marshall McLuhans Understanding MediaIn his groundbreaking work, Understanding Media, Marshall McLuhan posits that technologies in the electric age rendered it impossible for the individual to remain distant any more . Over the course of the late 19th to early 20th centuries, while an increasing presence of electric machines in daily life irrefutably signaled our res publicas arrival into the electric age, societys central nervous system was technologically extended to involve each individual in the whole of mankind, McLuhan states (20). Previously disconnected, set-apart individuals and groups suddenly became compressed, involved in each others lives, and unified into a network. As opposed to the preceding mechanical age, this was an age that sought wholeness-- an aspiration that McLuhan refers to as a inbred adjunct of electric technology (21). McLuhan believes that great progress was made in the electric age that wholeness was sought and worked towards eagerly. However, at the numeral of the century, three individualsthe philosopher, historian, and writer Henry Adams, the author Henry James, and the escape artist Harry Houdiniseemed to believe society was falling short of the goals that McLuhan claims it held. To these artists, the dreams of making everything seem possible and everyone reachable were unrealistic complete global unification, involvement, and wholeness served as a foil for disintegrating interpersonal relations. These American artists saw technology not so oft as a device that brings individuals together, but rather as a means of escaping each other, individual social lives, as well as the constraints of the natural world. The Autobiography of Henry Adams, first printed privately in 19... ... not yield wholeness, grant individual freedom, and give Americans the infinite mobility they dream of. On the contrary, technology whitethorn cause separation, destruction, and confinement. The question of whether future technologies will unite in dividuals peacefully or destroy civilizations ruthlessly is just as relevant, if not in fact more pressing today, at the turn of the 21st century, with a global presence of weapons of mass destruction haunting America, than it was at the turn of the 20th century. Based on his law of acceleration and increased danger, Adams might be surprised that America withstood two world wars and even entered the 21st century. But since we have, there is reason to take to that individuals and fellow nations may continue to defy Adams fears that we may continue to jump headfirst into the future, and in doing so, eventually make progress.