Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Republic of Turkey Founder

Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk (May 19, 1881–November 10, 1938) was a Turkish nationalist and military leader who founded the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Atatà ¼rk served as the countrys first president from 1923 to 1938. He oversaw the passage of numerous reforms that were responsible for transforming Turkey into a modern nation-state. Fast Facts: Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk Known For: Atatà ¼rk was a Turkish nationalist who founded the Republic of Turkey.Also Known As: Mustafa Kemal PashaBorn: May 19, 1881 in Salonica, Ottoman EmpireParents: Ali RÄ ±za Efendi and  Zubeyde HanimDied: November 10, 1938 in Istanbul, TurkeySpouse: Latife Usakligil  (m. 1923–1925)Children: 13 Early Life Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk was born on May 19, 1881, in Salonica, then part of the Ottoman Empire (now Thessaloniki, Greece). His father Ali Riza Efendi may have been ethnically Albanian, though some sources state that his family was made up of nomads from the Konya region of Turkey. Ali Riza Efendi was a minor local official and a timber-seller. Mustafas mother Zubeyde Hanim was a blue-eyed Turkish or possibly Macedonian woman who (unusually for that time) could read and write. Zubeyde Hanim wanted her son to study religion, but Mustafa would grow up with a more secular turn of mind. The couple had six children, but only Mustafa and his sister Makbule Atadan survived to adulthood. Religious and Military Education As a young boy, Mustafa reluctantly attended a religious school. His father later allowed him to transfer to the Semsi Efendi School, a secular private school. When Mustafa was 7, his father died. At the age of 12, Mustafa decided, without consulting his mother, that he would take the entrance exam for a military high school. He then attended the Monastir Military High School and in 1899 enrolled in the Ottoman Military Academy. In January 1905, Mustafa graduated and began his career in the army. Military Career After years of military training, Atatà ¼rk entered the Ottoman Army as a captain. He served in the Fifth Army in Damascus until 1907. He then transferred to Manastir, now known as Bitola, in the Republic of Macedonia. In 1910, he fought to suppress the Albanian uprising in Kosovo. His rising reputation as a military man took off the following year, during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911 to 1912. The Italo-Turkish War arose from a 1902 agreement between Italy and France over dividing Ottoman lands in North Africa. The Ottoman Empire was known at that time as the sick man of Europe, so other European powers were deciding how to share the spoils of its collapse long before the event actually took place. France promised Italy control of Libya, then comprised of three Ottoman provinces, in return for non-interference in Morocco. Italy launched a massive 150,000-man army against Ottoman Libya in September 1911. Atatà ¼rk was one of the Ottoman commanders sent to repel this invasion with only 8,000 regular troops, plus 20,000 local Arab and Bedouin militia members. He was key to the December 1911 Ottoman victory in the Battle of Tobruk, in which 200 Turkish and Arab fighters held off 2,000 Italians and drove them back from the  city of Tobruk. Despite this valiant resistance, Italy overwhelmed the Ottomans. In the October  1912 Treaty of Ouchy, the Ottoman Empire signed away control of the provinces of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica, which became Italian Libya. Balkan Wars As Ottoman control of the empire eroded, ethnic nationalism spread among the various peoples of the Balkan region. In 1912 and 1913, ethnic conflict broke out twice in the First and Second Balkan Wars. In 1912, the Balkan League (made up of the newly independent Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia) attacked the Ottoman Empire in order to wrest away control of areas dominated by their respective ethnic groups that were still under Ottoman suzerainty. Through suzerainty, a nation maintains internal autonomy while another nation or region controls foreign policy and international relations. The Ottomans, including Atatà ¼rks troops, lost the First Balkan War. The following year during the Second Balkan War, the Ottomans regained much of the territory of Thrace that had been seized by Bulgaria. This fighting at the frayed edges of the Ottoman Empire was fed by ethnic nationalism. In 1914, a related ethnic and territorial spat between Serbia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire set off a chain reaction that soon involved all of the European powers in what would become World War I. World War I and Gallipoli World War I was a pivotal period in Atatà ¼rks life. The Ottoman Empire joined its allies (Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire) to form the Central Powers, fighting against Britain, France, Russia, and Italy. Atatà ¼rk predicted that the Allied Powers would attack the Ottoman Empire at Gallipoli; he commanded the 19th Division of the Fifth Army there. Under Atatà ¼rks leadership, the Turks held off a British and French attempt to advance up the Gallipoli Peninsula, inflicting a key defeat on the Allies. Britain and France sent in a total of 568,000 men over the course of the Gallipoli Campaign, including large numbers of Australians and New Zealanders. Of these, 44,000 were killed and almost 100,000 were wounded. The Ottoman force was smaller, numbering about 315,500 men, of whom about 86,700 were killed and over 164,000 were wounded. The Turks held on to the high ground at Gallipoli, keeping the Allied forces pinned to the beaches. This bloody but successful defensive action formed one of the centerpieces of Turkish nationalism in the years to come, and Atatà ¼rk was at the center of it all. Following the Allied withdrawal from Gallipoli in January 1916, Atatà ¼rk fought successful battles against the Russian Imperial Army in the Caucasus. In March 1917, he received command of the entire Second Army, although their Russian opponents withdrew almost immediately due to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution. The sultan was determined to shore up the Ottoman defenses in Arabia  and prevailed upon Atatà ¼rk to go to Palestine after the British captured Jerusalem in December 1917. He wrote to the government, noting that the situation in Palestine was hopeless, and proposed that a new defensive position be established in Syria. When Constantinople rejected this plan, Atatà ¼rk resigned his post and returned to the capital. As the Central Powers defeat loomed, Atatà ¼rk returned once more to the Arabian Peninsula to supervise an orderly retreat. The Ottoman forces lost the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918. This was the beginning of the end of the Ottoman world. Throughout October and early November, under an armistice with the Allied Powers, Atatà ¼rk organized the withdrawal of the remaining Ottoman forces in the Middle East. He returned to Constantinople on November 13, 1918, to find it occupied by the victorious British and French. The Ottoman Empire was no more. Turkish War of Independence Atatà ¼rk was tasked with reorganizing the tattered Ottoman Army in April 1919  so that it could provide internal security during the transition. Instead, he began to organize the army into a nationalist resistance movement. He issued the Amasya Circular in June of that year, warning that Turkeys independence was in peril. Mustafa Kemal was quite right on that point. The Treaty of Sevres, signed in August 1920, called for the partition of Turkey among France, Britain, Greece, Armenia, the Kurds, and an international force at the Bosporus Strait. Only a small state centered around Ankara would remain in Turkish hands. This plan was completely unacceptable to Atatà ¼rk and his fellow Turkish nationalists. In fact, it meant war. Britain took the lead in dissolving Turkeys parliament and strong-arming the sultan into signing away his remaining rights. In response, Atatà ¼rk called a new national election and had a separate parliament installed, with himself as the speaker. This was known as the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. When the Allied occupation forces tried to partition Turkey as per the Treaty of Sevres, the Grand National Assembly (GNA) put together an army and launched the War of Turkish Independence. Throughout 1921, the GNA army under Atatà ¼rk registered victory after victory against the neighboring powers. By the following autumn, Turkish nationalist troops had pushed the occupying powers out of the Turkish peninsula. Republic of Turkey On July 24, 1923, the GNA and the European powers signed the Treaty of Lausanne, recognizing a fully sovereign Republic of Turkey. As the first elected president of the new Republic, Atatà ¼rk would lead one of the worlds swiftest and most effective modernization campaigns ever. Atatà ¼rk abolished the office of the Muslim Caliphate, which had repercussions for all of Islam. However, no new caliph was appointed elsewhere. Atatà ¼rk also secularized education, encouraging the development of non-religious primary schools for both girls and boys. In 1926, in the most radical reform to date, Atatà ¼rk abolished the Islamic courts and instituted secular civil law throughout Turkey. Women now had equal rights to inherit property and divorce their husbands. The president saw women as an essential part of the workforce if Turkey was to become a wealthy modern nation. Finally, Atatà ¼rk replaced the traditional Arabic script for written Turkish with a new alphabet based on Latin. Death Mustafa Kemal became known as Atatà ¼rk, meaning grandfather or ancestor of the Turks, because of his pivotal role in founding and leading the new, independent state of Turkey. Atatà ¼rk died on November 10, 1938, from cirrhosis of the liver due to excessive alcohol consumption. He was 57 years old. Legacy During his service in the army and his 15 years as president, Atatà ¼rk laid the foundations for the modern Turkish state. While his policies are still debated today, Turkey stands as one of the success stories of the 20th century—due, in large part, to Atatà ¼rks reforms. Sources Gingeras, Ryan. Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk: Heir to an Empire. Oxford University Press, 2016.Mango, Andrew. Atatà ¼rk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Overlook Press, 2002.

The Benefits and Dangers of Cell Phones Essay - 763 Words

Cell Phone One of the greatest inventions created in the modern world is the cell phone or is it not? The cell phone has been rapidly growing for many years. A cell phone is necessary and important. Using a cell phone to communicate with family, business and in emergency is an excellent way of communicating, but on the other hand, cell phone is a distraction. With the invention of the cell phone there have been both good and bad results, where people will always be a source of communication during emergency, while a cell phone usage has become the main source of car accident. According to a 2008 study by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, nearly 6000 are killed in cell phone related to accidents while driving. Cell phones†¦show more content†¦Both parents and kid can talk to each other through cell phones. Kids can learn what good communication means and they can learn the value of it as well (Moseley). Cell phones have a lot of connectivity features to help us. Cell phone allows people to store a lot of data. And feature like Bluetooth and USP ports allow you to download photos, calendar, schedules and video recording once you get to your computer (Moseley). The call phone technology is always changing, some cell phones have navigation, so people will rarely get lost. A cell phone is just like many computers, people can get on internet, YouTube, check mails, and news. However, people are addicted to cell phone might be a slave of technology, drive dangerously, and have health problem. People could be slaves to technology. To whom that are slave to technology they are constantly, checking text messages, playing games, checking email, or calling friends and relatives can often make a user a slave (Dutta). For example, in the restaurant people play on the phone instead of using time to talk to one another. Students cannot focus on their lesson while their hands are busy with the cell phone. 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Competency To Stand Trial Free Essays

On the night of February 4th, police responded to a call at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Wilson. We will write a custom essay sample on Competency To Stand Trial or any similar topic only for you Order Now They had been shot and killed; the only other person in the home was the Wilson’s 25 year old son Edward. Subsequently Edward was arrested and charged with two counts of first degree murder. Edward was found to be incompetent to stand trial; now that he has come to the facility where I work for restoration of competency I am responsible for providing a re-evaluation of competency. Knowing Edward’s past mental issues and suicide attempt a few years back there are many things that I would need to take note of before and during the evaluation process. First I would want to obtain information from Edward’s previous doctors, specifically the one who first had diagnosed Edward and prescribed him his medication; even interview the doctor if possible. To aid in the behavioral research I would want to interview Edward’s school teachers to have record of progress and behavior in school. Also, I would want to review school transcripts to see if there was any deterioration of grades and/or behavior. I would want to interview family members and friends to determine any previous rage or anger issues Edward had previously displayed, besides the one(s) already noted. â€Å"Competency to stand trial, is a legal construct that usually refers to a criminal Defendant’s ability to participate in legal proceedings related to an alleged offense† (Mossman, Noffsinger, Ash, Frierson, Gerbasi, Hackett, Lewis, Pinals, Scott, Sieg, Barry, Wall, Zonana, 2007) or. Can be defined as having the capacity mentally to understand and be aware of what was happening as far as the court proceedings the defendant was involved in, as well as being able to communicate and understand information between attorneys. In order to be considered competent to stand trial there are numerous questions that the defendant would need to be able to answer and/or comprehend. Some examples of these questions would be, does the defendant understand what he or she is being charged with, and does he or she understand why? Does the defendant understand the various verdicts from the outcome of the trial, and the possible consequences of each verdict (Forensic Checklist)? There are many instruments to assist with the evaluation assessment, such as the Competency assessment instrument (CAI). In order to assess Edward and his competency to stand trial I would ask him whether or not he was able to communicate relative information to the attorney about the night in question, I would assess his decision making ability when it related to the crimes Edward was charged with. I would ask Edward if he understood the roles of the defense counsel, the judge, the prosecutor and other players in the trial process. I would assess Edward’s view of the crime and the way others would perceived him if found guilty, whether or not people would be in fear of Edward because of the nature of the crime. I would the ask Edward to describe what happened on the night in question, who was there and the timeline of events of that night; I would see if he understood why the police had arrested him and what led up to the arrest.(Whitlock, Feix, Banner, Gerdes, Santina, Trageser, 2012) Besides the interview questions I would assess and evaluate Edward’s demeanor and the way he upheld his appearance. I would evaluate the hand gestures, if any, facial expressions, how in-depth he thought about the answers to the questions I asked, and his overall actions on the outside, or physically. You can tell a lot about a person with the way they carry themselves, their hygiene for instance can tell you if the person is incapable of caring for himself or maybe they have poor hygiene practices. After assessing Edward’s competency level his awareness and his ability to comprehend reality, I do not think that Edward is competent to stand trial. Given his diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia and his inability to control the symptoms without medication, along with his past incidents involving anger, rage and violence I do not think Edward would react in an appropriate manner if he was provoked or just had a violent outburst. Considering the charges of first degree murder I believe for the safety of him and others he should be deemed incompetent to stand trial. Because Edward has been found to be incompetent to stand trial, the court proceedings will be put on hold while her continues to receive treatment until his competency has been restored (Frontline, 2013). I believe with continued treatment including medication taken consistently and counseling and observation Edwards’s competency to stand trial will be restored in a few more months. If I had to choose the theory of criminal behavior that would best conceptualize Edward’s behavior I would choose biological, and psychological. Biological, because his condition that he was diagnosed with is a disorder of the brain, which is biological? Something in his brain has distorted reality and has made him paranoid, hear see and think things that were abnormal and delusional. These symptoms can be controlled with the use of medication when they are take, and again these points to a biological behavior. I chose psychological because in order for somebody to commit murder there must be something wrong in the way they think. This could be attributed to the biological issue of having a disorder of the brain but I feel if that is the case then biological and psychological factors would go hand in hand. Regardless, either way there is an illness in Edwards’s brain that can be associated with biological factors which would in turn lead to the psychological factors and behaviors. If I was on the stand and the judge asked me to assess Edwards risk of future violence, I would tell him Edward is probably unstable. Taking into consideration his past violent outbursts, the fact that he is on medication that controls symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia and the nature of the crime he is being charged with I would inform the judge there is a strong possibility that Edward could have more violent episodes in the future. I would not be able to say for certain but given the facts I would lean very strongly in the direction of him being a threat to himself and others. For those who have been deemed imp competent to stand trial and are put into inpatient treatment, form specialty groups. These specialty groups while in treatment watch video tapes and are given special instructions on how the court processed works. (Greene, 2012) This is the specialty groups I feel Edward would need to fit into for treatment and counseling and would help restore competency. I am hoping that within a couple months of treatment Edward would be able to stand trial and be fairly tried for the crime committed. After assessing Edward and revaluating his competency I have found that even though he has mental issues and is on medication for his diagnosed issue, restoration of his competency to stand trial is a possibility. There is no fear of malingering in Edward’s case, although if there were an issue with a fear of malingering there are tools to help decipher whether or not an individual is trying to fake an incompetency when it comes it to standing trial. How to cite Competency To Stand Trial, Papers

Strategic Information Systems Trends in Computing

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Information Systems Trends in Computing. Answer: Introduction An accounting software/package is a system that is used on a computer and it perfoms all accounting tasks, such as recording, storing, sorting, retrieving, analyzing, presenting and conveying accounting information to different shareholder groups (Spathis, 2006). Applications enhance the quality of accounting data and promotes moving efficiency between organizations sectors and among organizations branches and their numerous users or investor groups. The literature review on accounting software/packages used in Australia. All the necessary information to the organization of any company requires the valuation of numerous cost objects to do a proper evaluation; correct data is required regarding all resources that are consumed directly or indirectly (Drury, 2008). The introduction to using accounting software is precious to organizations. However, the software applications should have a general guideline on what application standards the software need to have. There are four general features that accounting packages must have (Rushinek and Rushinek, 1995). They include; ease of installation, ease of use, should have seller support and the capability to be updated. Training should also be done on how to use the applications so that the future needs of the organization or business can be met. This can only be achieved through training. An appropriate accounting application should have a compatibility feature. A compatibility feature is smooth functional system constant with operations, workforce and administrative structure (Byrd Turners, 2000) Flexibility is of great importance in accounting applications. Flexibility can be defined as an n application capacity alongside a variation of course or a deviation from the programmed path of activity (Genus Dickson, 1995). History, development, and adoption The commonly used accounting system also known as general ledger is a book with distributed pages for every account i.e. payables, receivable, cash, equity. Each day transactions are entered by use of hand into the journal. Intuit came up with a computerized application named Quicken. The company later introduced Quickbooks for small business accounting in 1983. Turbo Tax, an application for calculating income taxes and federal, were presented to Nivinson. That saw the end of using manual entries and computers was embraced because it made the work of accountants much easier. They gave accountants an opportunity to be more productive. In the recent past, there has been a significant improvement in the innovation in technology and organizations now depend on machines to help in the running of businesses. Since the formation of Intuit in the year 1983, It has played a significant role in developing applications for the current age. Intuit products are vast, but QuickBooks is the most commonly used (Miller, Hopper Laughlin 1991: 396). The current market size Australia has two accounting software companies competing for the market share; Xero which is from Zealand and QuickBooks Online (QBO) from is US-based Intuit. They are not the only companies in the market but because of the recent developments, they are outshining the others throughout other continents. (Smith, 2013). Quickbooks has been on the market for quite some time, but its entry to Australia is relatively recent. Whereas Xero has been in the Australian market for a couple of years and has seen its widespread use by accountants and small businesses due to its capability to communicate with customers. Despite Xero being wide known in Australia, Quickbooks has launched a new user interface for Quickbooks Online (Harmony), customized with Australian localizations to the product, employed staff and opened an office in Australia and is trying to capture the Australian market share (Smith, 2013). Leaders in the market and what gives them the competitive advantage. Intuit QuickBooks MYOB Reckon Saasu Xero Intuit QuickBooks - A highly ranked accounting software in Australia. QB is among the most widespread accounting application used by small businesses in Australia. The factors that contribute to this include:- Price which is $12/month and $21/month for the premier version. QuickBooks provides a wide-ranging level of features that businesses in Australia use to trail business revenue, expenditures, and earnings (Claire, 2010) MYOB: - Australias best accounting software. It targets to be more than a functional accounting application. It has an additional feature that helps owners of businesses to increase productivity and make enhanced choices with a simultaneous view of a companys fiscal operations. It integrates the point of sale transactions into the entire business operations. It has an interface known as Kounta which works both online and offline, and the clientele hardly notices if the Internet connection slows down. They have a compliant capability known as ATO which is a huge attraction (Best, 2005) Reckon: Purposes to be the best accounting application for accountants, bookkeepers, and companies in Australia. Its one of the affordable cloud accounting software for small businesses in Australias and is well recognized. It uses a platforms known as Reckon Pay. This platform accepts debit/credit card payments using cell phones (Chibber, 2010) Saasu: - It claims to be the future of accounting. By using the application, business people in Australia can immediately execute cash flow cashing with just a click without additional setups. It offers smart bank payments that efficiently execute bank settlements thus, helps on saving time. It manages transactions in different foreign currencies. Its considered the best accounting applications for businesses in Australia. It has all that is needed to run a business from anyplace, by use of any podium (Rushinek and Rushinek, 1995). Xero: - Xero is a highly popular online accounting software in Australia. It offers real-time data monitoring abilities. It has over half a million subscribers who use the application. It has a wide range of business accounting functionalities since it offers speedy internet billing. It has a cutting-edge reconciliation process that allows the user to import and group bank transactions. Xero has two subscription categories (Smith, 2013). Starter software subscription $9/month Premium accounting software $70/month Current gaps or challenges encountered by users or customers of accounting Leading accounting software packages are cloud based, or they intend to do so. Security of any data is essential to any business. Online content is prone to hacker attacks, fraud, and other threats. It needs a high level of security which might be very expensive. Software/Packages A software/package is an of application that records and processes accounting transactions by use of well-designed components i.e. accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, and trial balance. There are different types of accounting application in the market which depend on business requirements. Small business/individual accounting applications are mostly intended for home users. The applications are straightforward and low-priced through the simple functionality e.g. managing one's budget. Low-budget accounting applications are meant for small business markets that are capable of serving a single market. These applications are characterized by single entry products. Mid-market accounting applications is meant for establishments with large businesses. These applications serve the requirements of multiple nationwide accountancy principles due the the multi-currency facility (Rushinek and Rushinek, 1995). Relevant suggestions or recommendations Accounting users have demands for enhancing the quality of software. They software is expected to have general application features i.e. ease of installation, ease of use, should have seller support and the capability to be updated. Accountants and bookkeepers to undergo training on how to use the applications so that the future needs of the organization or business can be met, this can only be accomplished through training. An appropriate accounting application should have a compatibility feature. A compatibility feature is smooth functional system constant with operations, workforce and organizational structure. Flexibility is of a key important factor in accounting applications. Flexibility can be defined as the systems capacity alongside a change of course or deviation from the programmed direction of course. Conclusion: An accounting software that is per the standards discussed above should easen an accountant work since computers are being used instead of the manual book keeping methods. Research indicates that the use of accounting applications minimizes the amount of time accounting professionals spend while undertaking accounting tasks to minimal. Reference Avi Rushinek, Sara F. Rushinek, (1995) "Accounting software evaluation: hardware, audit trails, backup, error recovery and security", Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 10 Iss: 9, pp.29 - 37 Byrd, T. A., Turner, D. E. (2000). Measuring the flexibility of information technology infrastructure: Exploratory analysis of a construct. Journal of Management Information System, 17(1), 167-208. Carnegie, G. D. Napier, C. J. (1996). Critical and interpretive histories: understanding accountings present and future through its past, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 9(3): 7-39. Claire Kamm Latham (2009), Business-student partnership: Linking accounting information systems, internal control, and auditing, in Bill N. Schwartz, Anthony H. Catanach (ed.) Advances in Accounting Education (Advances in Accounting Education, Volume 10) Emerald Group Fleischman, R. K. Radcliffe, V. S. (2005). The roaring nineties: accounting history comes of age, Accounting Historians Journal, 32(1): 61-109. Frishammar, J. (2002). Characteristics in information processing approaches. International Journal of Information Management, 22(2), 143-156. Genus, A. and K. Dickson, 1995, Technological Analysis and Strategic Management 7(3), 283285. Ramazani, M., Zanjani, M., Vali, F. (2012). Accounting Software Expectation Gap Based on Features of Accounting Information Systems (AISs). Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences, 3(11). Rushinek, A., Rushinek, S. F. (1995). Accounting software evaluation: hardware, audit trails, backup, error recovery and security. Managerial Auditing Journal, 10(9), 29-37. Spathis, C. 2006. Enterprise systems implementation and accounting benefits. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 19, 67-82. Tabachnick, B. Fidell, L. 2007. Using multivariate statistics, Boston, Allyn Bacon. Tornatzky, L. G. Fleischer, M. (1990) Processes of Technological Innovation, Lexington books, Lexington, Massachusetts. Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., Xu, X. (2003) Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology MIS Quarterly, Vol 36 No 1, pp. 157-178. Zeff, S. A. (2000) Henry Rand Hatfield: Humanist, Scholar, and Accounting Educator (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press). Publishing Limited, pp.205 255

ACT Science Reasoning Test Information

ACT Science Reasoning Test Information    ACT Science Reasoning. It sounds scary, right? Combining reasoning and science all in one lengthy ACT test section? What sort of monster decided to come up with a test like that? Before you run screaming for the nearest bridge, consider reading the following explanation about what you are really going to encounter on the ACT Science Reasoning section. And yes, it is more conquerable than you can imagine. And before you read the ACT Science Tricks that can help you get the score you want, you should know whats  on  the test first. So keep reading! ACT Science Reasoning Basics If you have read ACT 101, then you already know the following information. But just in case you havent had a chance to take a peek, here are the basics about the science (and often most feared) section of the ACT: 40 multiple-choice questionsYoull read either six or seven passages35 minutes to answer all 40 questionsCan earn you between 1 and 36 points on the overall score (the average is about a 20)Youll also get three scores based on the reporting categories below, which are listed as percentages correct.   ACT Science Reasoning Reporting Categories/Skills ​The ACT wants to provide colleges with information related to the  types  of content in which you shine, so on your score report, youll see the following categories with the number of questions asked in that category along with the percent correct you earned on each type.    Interpretation of Data (approximately 18 - 22 questions): Manipulate and analyze data presented in graphs, tables and diagrams. For instance, youll need to be able to do things like recognize trends, translate table data to graphic data, reason mathematically, interpolate and extrapolate.   Scientific Investigation (approximately 8 - 12 questions): Understand experimental tools and design like identifying variables and controls, and compare, extend and change experiments to make predictions.   Evalutation of Models, Inferences, and Experimental Results (approximately 10 - 14 questions): Judge the validity of a scientific information, make conclusions and predictions like figuring out which scientific explanation is best supported by new findings, etc.  Ã‚   ACT Science Reasoning Content Before you get all worried, dont sweat it! You do not have to have some sort of advanced degree in any of the areas listed below in order to score well on this exam. Not all of this content will be tested. The ACT test-makers will merely pull passages from the following areas. Plus, the test is about scientific reasoning, so even if you don’t remember a few content details, you will still probably be able to figure out the answers to many of the questions in these fields. None require rote memorization. All require that you use your brain and logical reasoning to figure out the questions in the following fields: Biology: biology, botany, zoology, microbiology, ecology, genetics, and evolution Chemistry: atomic theory, inorganic chemical reactions, chemical bonding, reaction rates, solutions, equilibriums, gas laws, electrochemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, and properties and states of matter Physics: mechanics, energy, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, fluids, solids, and light waves Earth/Space Sciences: geology, meteorology, oceanography, astronomy, and environmental sciences ACT Science Reasoning Passages All the questions on the Science Reasoning Test will contain some data given to you in graphs, charts, tables or paragraphs, along with an explanation of what to do with the data. The questions are broken down into 6 or 7 different passages with approximately 5 - 7 questions each: Approximately 3 Data Representation passages with ~4 -  5 questions each: Tests knowledge of graphs, scatterplots, and interpretation of info in tables, diagrams, and figures. Approximately 3  Research Summaries passages with  ~6   -  8  questions each: Tests your ability to interpret results from given experiments. 1 Conflicting Viewpoints passage with ~6 - 8  questions: Gives you two or three different viewpoints on some sort of observable phenomenon and asks you to understand differences and similarities in the hypotheses. ACT Scores and the Science Reasoning Section Obviously, you want this score to be fantastic, so your overall ACT score will be, too. Here are some helpful hints to get your closer to that 36 and farther away from that 0. Read the questions before you read the charts in Data Representation. The Data Representation sections contain very little actual writing. So, before you slog through the charts, read the questions first. In many cases, youll be able to answer the questions by just looking at one chart exclusively. Mark up the text. Physically underline, cross-out, and circle things that stand out to you as you read. Some of the text is going to be pretty heavy, so you’ll want to dissect it as you go to make the most sense of it. Paraphrase the questions. Before you read the answers, put those questions into words you would use if you can’t understand what they’re asking. Cover the answers. Keep your hand over the answers while you read the question. Then, make a wild stab at answering before you uncover your choices. You may just find a paraphrase of your own answer in one of the choices, and odds are, it’s the right choice. There it is – the ACT Science Reasoning section in brief. Good luck! More strategies to improve your ACT score!

Shakespeare Coursework Essays

Shakespeare Coursework Essays Shakespeare Coursework Essay Shakespeare Coursework Essay My version of Romeo and Juliet is set in Britain in 130 AD. This is just after the Romans have invaded Britain; Hadrians Wall has been built to separate to separate the barbaric Scottish tribes away from the civilised Romans in England. In my story Juliet is the daughter of a Roman soldier, Capulet and Romeo is the son of a leader of one of the Scottish clans, Montague.Role-playThat was the worst party I have ever been to. I cant believe hes done this to me. Actually I cant believe that theyve both done is to me. I mean, its only normal for me to want to kill a Montague, a Montague! Our foe! Why would he not let me? Especially a Montague that dares to come to our party. A barbarian at a Capulet party! What is the world coming to?! All I wanted to do as quickly finish him off. Stab him a couple of times and he would have been dead.Dead! Well, we all know that Romeos no fighter, the weakling! If only I hadnt been near LORD Capulet, he would never have heard me say it and it would all b e over and done with by now. But I was there and he did hear me, how I regret that! Ill never forgive him for humiliating me like that. NEVER! How can HE be the leader of our centurion? HE is the worst leader that we have ever had, as he has proved. I tell you one thing; I will kill Romeo, no matter how long it takes me. I will even kill my uncle to get to get to him. I will KILL Romeo the MONTAGUE.DiscussionIn the first section of Act 1 Scene 5 the main characters are the three servants. They should be frantic and panicked and the atmosphere is very rushed so this helps to set the scene and get the audience involved in the scene. The first servant is very bossy and is very stressed Wheres Potpan that he helps no to take away? He shift a trencher! He scrape a trencher! This should be said very quickly and comically. Then the second servant is quite dumb which the audience finds humorous and thy unwashd too, tis a foul thing. The third servant is very calm and relaxed. The contrast b etween the characters is very funny and makes the audience laugh. The section is set in the kitchen and they are wearing servants costumes. The music playing is the faint echo of the music thats playing in the party sort of bouncing against the wall and the lighting is a bit shady.In the second section the main characters are Capulet and his cousin. When Capulet walks in he is very welcoming and plays the happy host, e is in a party mood and teases the girls into dancing. The atmosphere is very bright and happy and the lighting reflects this. The music is jig-like and very jolly so that the characters can dance. This is set in a huge ballroom that is elaborately decorated to show off Capulets wealth and the costumes are gorgeous dresses for the girls and masks on the young men. But this changes and the audience sees a contrast in his attitude when he talks to the servants as he commands them and speaks to them very rudely. More light, you knaves; and turn the tables up. Then he chan ges again when talking to his cousin and they start to reminisce about their youth. Here, they take a seat in a room next door to ballroom and sit.In the section the main character is Romeo and he has just spotted Juliet. He acts as if hes in a trance is fascinated by her What ladys that which doth enrich the hand of yonder knight. He asks in soft as he is in a daze. He uses similes she hangs upon the cheek of night like a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear and metaphors a snowy dove trooping with crows to compare her to other women so that the audience can see that she is amazing and all other girls are insignificant in comparison with her. Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight; for I neer saw true beauty till this night shows that he has completely forgotten about Rosaline and is totally in love with Juliet and this is done with the use of rhyme.Shakespeare had introduced the idea of courtly love earlier because Romeo was in love with Rosaline, a girl totally out of his reach h e had put her on a pedestal. She totally ignored his approaches and he was left to despair over her rejections. This section is very important because it is the beginning of their love and their doom. The theme is love. Romeo should stand in the shadows and when he sees her, take of his ask to get a better view of Juliet. Juliet is in the spotlight wearing a white dress that shimmers and reflects of the light as she moves. She notices Romeo and then romantic music starts playing, which will play every time they see each other. This is the instrumental violin music, sort of like whats used in Bahz Lurmans Romeo + Juliet.In the fourth section the main characters are Tybalt and Capulet. Tybalt sees Romeo staring at Juliet and is furious that he dares attend a Capulet part. There is a huge contrast from Romeos soft language to Tybalts fiery and dangerous language. He tries to get rid of Romeo Fetch me my rapier boy he asks in a quiet and menacing voice, wanting t kill Romeo quickly and quietly. Capulet sees him and tries to get him to calm down and stop being in a storm) saying that he would not allow Romeo to be killed here in MY house this gives the impression that Capulet would not care if Romeo was murdered outside of his home.But Tybalt does not like this and loses his temper saying Ill not endure him. Capulet is furious and goes to humiliate Tybalt He shall be endured he says in a stern voice as if talking to a child. Tybalt backs down but Capulet keeps on shouting at him and totally humiliates him. Tybalt is fuming to the point that his flesh trembles which shows that hes so angry that hes shaking. He controls his temper because he has to. In a mean whisper he says This intrusion shall, now seeming sweet, convert to bittrest gall. He uses alliteration to show his contempt and the rhyming makes the words more memorable. This gives a sense of foreboding and the audience and knows that something bad will come of the Tybalt situation. The lighting is dark, mayb e a bit of red and there is just one long ominous note of dread.In this section the main characters are Romeo and Juliet. Juliet searches for Romeo and he searches for her. Romeo finds her and pulls her into the next. Romeo and Juliet share a love sonnet which shows that they are both in love; its almost as if their minds are working together and they are in a world of their own. They seem about to start speaking in another sonnet but are interrupted. Although modern audiences might not notice, audiences in Shakespearian times would have. The lighting is very soft and creates a romantic atmosphere. The music is the same as was in the third section when they first saw each other. Shakespeare uses religious language to show the purity and tenderness of their love. Shakespeare shows that Romeo and Juliets love is not fake and the typical courtly love because she doesnt despise him and they both love each other.The main characters in this section are the Romeo, the Nurse, Benvolio and C apulet. Capulet is standing on the stairs and is about to retire to his chambers so he bids his guests goodnight. Juliet is standing behind him. Capulet is still talking but the sound goes over to Romeo. Romeo is standing with the crowd of people in the shadows. Still enchanted by Juliet wants to know who she is and asks the Nurse. The Nurse, who is a crude character, is very talkative.He that can lay hold of her shall have the chinks she says, giving Romeo a clue that Juliet is rich. It dawns on Romeo who Juliet is and his world comes crashing down Is she a Capulet? The party music stops. He is devastated that one of the best things to have happened to him could also be the worst. Benvolio tries to tell him that its all for the best but hes oblivious. The spotlight goes onto Juliet as she walks upstairs, away from him (even more out of reach).In the final section the music playing is still the romantic music remnant of the fifth section and Juliet wants to find out who Romeo is but she doesnt want to be too obvious. When the nurse returns an tells Juliet who Romeo is the music stops and she is very unhappy. My only love sprung from my only hate! she says with despair. She knows that her father will never marry a Montague, a dreaded enemy. This is how marriage was in those times. The father picked out a man, usually of higher class for his daughter and she had little choice about whether she would marry him. A girl could be married at young ages such as fourteen or fifteen. She goes into her bedroom. The audience is left looking at an empty stage.

Looking For Alaska Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Looking For Alaska - Research Paper Example In the novel, Looking for Alaska by John Green, a girl named Alaska mysteriously dies, and her friends must go on a  journey to figure out what exactly happened to her. Not only do the readers follow them on their journey, but they are also given a look into the suffering of Alaska and her own quest to find the end to hers. Although many people suffer and may consider suicide as their solution. It is essential that they find their own way to end their suffering and escape the Labyrinth, and to do so they need to realize that life has so much to offer, people are there to help them, and with hard work anything is possible. Although many people suffer and may consider suicide as their solution, it is vital that they find their own way to end their suffering and escape the Labyrinth, and to do, so they need to realize life has so much to offer, people are there to help them, and with hard work anything is possible. John Green was born in 1977, in Alabama. John Green is inspired by aut hors like Laurie Halse Anderson and Walter Dean Myers. He began writing his writing career while working at Booklist. In the book looking for Alaska, john green uses his native birth place as the setting for the novel. John Green grew-up in Orlando Florida and attended Kenyon College. In 2007, John and his brother Hank made a pact to cease communication  through texting and only communicate via YouTube video posts. They video posted each other every day. The two brothers named this Project brotherhood 2.0 (Nicholas, 2011). The decision to use YouTube to communicate to each other, inspired ‘nerd fighters’ an online community, who fight for intellectualism and try to reduce by large the level of suck worldwide. This attempt has received thousands of dollars through donations from various charities (Nerdfighters, 2012). We are all born with hope and desire to fulfill and have a purpose in life. The finding of this purpose is beneficial to individuals. The effort to find this purpose is all left to an individual. Looking for Alaska is a story about finding that purpose in an individual’s life. Miles describes  the labyrinth suffering  as the greater perhaps in life and quotes from Francois Rabelais (Green, p.5). In looking for Alaska, John Green uses his characters to demonstrate the search for this purpose in life. He says, â€Å""Imagining the future is a kind of nostalgia. (...) You spend your whole life stuck in the labyrinth, thinking about how you'll escape it one day, and how fearsome it will be, and imagining that future keeps you going, but you never do it. You just use the future to escape the present."(Green 30) The distractive lifestyles of the teenagers, dabbles in sex and drugs and the pranks, this is all an attempt to find their purpose in life. As one is trying to find their purpose in life, they meet obstacles and suffer  along the way. How  a  person  deals or perceives this suffering is notable as it will help how one tackles with them. The paper discusses the different answers that the characters in looking for Alaska give after searching themselves. Alaska’s last words were â€Å"how do I get out of this labyrinth of suffering?† this word taunted her classmates as well as those that she told. They all try to find an answer to this question. Throughout the book, this question is answered. To some they thought that the only way out of the labyrinth of suffering is through death. Miles and Alaska are out to find the

Comparison between Canada's Military Correctional System and the Research Paper

Comparison between Canada's Military Correctional System and the United States Military Correctional System - Research Paper Example The responsibility of the Army Correctional Command ACC is the management of resources like force structure, budget, personnel and the day to day operations of the U.S Military Corrections System (Grande, 2009). The U.S Military Corrections system has two oversees facilities in Germany and Korea, two medium security regional facilities in Fort Sill Oklahoma and Fort Lewis Washington, and one maximum security prison ( U.S Disciplinary Barracks ) in Fort Leavenworth Kansas. Both the regional Military Corrections facilities and U.S Disciplinary Barracks provide a complete range of custodial and correctional treatment programs to military offenders regardless of the branch of service, and the only maximum security facility in the department of U.S defense is the U.S Disciplinary Barracks. The military corrections system comprise of three level tiers: Level-1 accommodates inmates with sentence of less than one year. The level-1 tier has no different from the public prisons and most progra ms are the same in comparison. The marine corps operates two facilities; the navy is in charge of six facilities, while the air force manages 36 facilities. The level-1 tier is not controlled by the Army. The level-2 tier accommodates inmates with sentence of less than 7 years and is the middle tier. The majority of military offenders are retained in level two. The army is in charge and controls the better part of level two while the marine corps operates and controls 3 facilities. The Air force does not operate any facility in level two, thus majority of inmates are retained in at two Naval consolidated brigs. The level-3 accommodating inmates with sentence of more than 7 years and inmates whose character pose threat to the national security of the United states. Females are majorly confined in this level so as to benefit from the health facilities, assets and consolidated space. Level-3 tier includes male military. The level-3 does not accommodate pre-trial inmates and its mission is â€Å"Our mission, Your Future†. Unlike the United States of America, Canada has only one Military forces prison named, the Canadian Forces Service Prison and Detention Barracks (CFSPDB), located at the Canadian Forces Based Edmonton. The Canada military prison is maintained and controlled by the Canadian Forces Military Police, although non-commissioned officers NCOs from various branches of the Canadian Forces also serves as staffs at the prison. The prison confines inmates with the jail term not exceeding two years. Military offenders with a crime sentence of more than two years imprisonment are then referred to the public prison after they have been relieved of their duties as Canadian Force Personnel. Rights/Treatment of Inmates The Canada’s detention facilities at Edmonton Alberta have unforgettable experience in store for any soldier who dares to go the wrong path of the law, which is very useful in military personnel behavior corrections purposes. The Canad ian Forces Service Detention Barracks (CFSPDB) inmates go through training, counseling and are assigned various duties majorly hard labor like performing drills. For about two weeks from their arrival, the military prisoners have limited privileges like sleeping and eating, but are not allowed to make phone calls, interacting with fellow prisoners, interact with

Jane's Asylum Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jane's Asylum Research - Essay Example Jane does not wish to do this because her father is abusive to her. She wishes to remain a resident of the U.S., and her uncle in California will become her legal guardian. In order for this to occur, a petition for asylum will need to be filed. While we know that this is the course of action that needs to be taken, there are some present issues that need to be addressed. First, there is the issue of how the petition will need to be filed. According to the Department of justice and other reliable sources, only the parent can file the petition (2002; the City University of New York, 2008; Migration & Refugee Services, 2010). Then, there is the issue of whether or not her uncle can serve as her legal guardian, as refugees under the age of twenty-one are still considered to be children (Refugee Info, 2010; Immihelp ®.com, 1999-2010). Finally, there is the issue of misrepresentation. If a case involving an immigrant is misrepresented, there will be severe consequences for the misrepresentation (Honore, 2005; U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs, 2009). To be sure that we carefully address each of these issues, a thorough research plan will need to be put into place, making sure that each issue is given careful considerati on. This will be done in the following ways: www.refugeeinfo.org Being that this site is devoted to helping refugees, this will be an excellent resource, since Jane is considered to be a refugee and will need to follow the same process that refugee’s do, in order for her to continue to reside in the U.S. legally. Jane’s rights will only be best defended if we have the proper information about the laws regarding the petition of asylum, as well as concerning the proper processes that will need to be followed. Because knowledge is power, it is important that we have as much of it as possible to insure success of this case. Such knowledge can

The Purposes Of Different Types Of Organisations Commerce Essay

The Purposes Of Different Types Of Organisations Commerce Essay An organisation is a formal structure of relationships, responsibilities and authorities through which specific objectives are achieved. A work organisation is a social arrangement for the controlled performance of collective goals (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). Purposes of different types of Organisation: Business organisations: To make a profit in a socially standard way. For example: Airlines, Fast food. Non-profit service organisations: They want to help to all of people without any profit. For example: NHS, Universities. Mutual-benefit organisations: Individuals join together to pursue their own self-interest. For example: Clubs, Trade Union. Commonweal organisations: They provide service to all members of a given population. For example: Fire Service, Police. Organisations by their intended purpose: Purpose Primary beneficiary Examples Business Owners Manufacturers, Fast-food, Restaurants Non profit services Clients Universities, Hospitals Mutual-benefit Members Unions, Clubs Commonweal Public at large Police, Public schools Classifying Organizations: Sector classification: Private enterprise organisations: A private sector organisation is one that is owned and controlled by private individuals, not the government and usually exists to make a profit for its shareholders. Public sector organisations: A public sector organisation is one that is controlled by the government. It is called public because the government is responsible to the entire public. Commercial interest classification: Profit oriented: Profit-oriented means pricing strategies rely on setting a product or services price to attain a specific, programmed net profit percentage. Non-profit oriented: In the broadest sense, an organisation in which no part of any net earnings can grow for the benefit of any private shareholder or individual. Size oriented classification: Large scale: To access the large-scale data sources efficiently and automatically, it is necessary to classify these data sources into different domains and categories. Medium scale: The demands on an intensely-managed landscape need a regional landscape planning system, which balances the social economic needs with geo-biological conditions. Small scale: Title for firms of a certain size which fall below certain criteria in terms of annual income, number of employees, total value of assets. Formal and Informal Organization: The Formal organization is- Deliberately planned and created. Concerned with the co-ordination of activities, Hierarchically structured with stated objectives, the specification of tasks and defined relationships of authority and responsibility. The Informal organisation is- Is flexible and loosely structured, Relationships may be left undefined, Membership is spontaneous and with varying degrees of involvement. Describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders. [P2] Stakeholders: A shareholder is a  stakeholder  simply because he or she has spent money in a company. Therefore, those people remain for to see a good return on the investment. This may not only consist of the value of the stock increasing over time, but it may also include getting periodical dividend payments based on profitability. Organisational objectives: Objectives are defined as specific commitment to complete a measurable result within a given time frame. Importance of objectives: Targets, Measuring sticks, Commitment and Motivation. Characteristics of objectives: Organisational purpose and aims, Be realistic, Be measurable, Preferably be set by agreement, Set clear and challenging targets, Be open to adaptation, Form a network. Objectives of different Stakeholders: Owners: In a company it would be the shareholders. Owners are often thought to be the most important stakeholders because they have set up the business and give a lot of time into the company to make it successful. Owners like to see their share of profit increasing, and the value of their business increasing. Customers: Customers want superiority for money which involves providing the highest quality products at rival prices. Employees: Their stake is that the company provides them with am livelihood. They want security of employments, good rates of reward and also improvement opportunities. Suppliers: They want to feel valued by the company and want frequent orders with on time payments. Trade Unions: This is for groups of employees who seek to secure higher wages and better working conditions for their members. Governments: The government wants businesses to become successful, to create jobs and to pay taxes. Inducements and contribution of inside stakeholders: Stakeholders Contribution of the organisation Inducement to contribute Shareholders Money capital Dividends Managers Skills expertise Salaries, bonuses, status power Workforce Skills expertise Wages, bonuses, stable employment promotion Inducements contributions of outside stakeholders: Stakeholder Contribution to the organization Inducement to contribute Customers Revenue from purchase of goods and services Quality and price of goods and services Government High quality inputs Revenue from purchase of inputs Unions Free and fair collective bargaining Equitable share of inducements Community Social and economic infrastructure Revenue, taxes and employment General public Customer loyalty and reputation National pride Explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet them. [P3] Responsibilities of an Organisation: Responsibilities are the most important thing in this topic. Because of an organisation have a plan. So, to success plan, they must be maintaining some responsibilities. The main aim of the research is to give a formal analysis of the relations between collective obligations to individual responsibilities. Which individual agent in a group should be held responsible if an obligation directed to the whole group is not fulfilled? To this aim, concepts from planning fiction (like plan and task allocation) and organization theory are used in order to conceptualize collective agency and the organizational structures. These concepts are formalized in a dynamic demonic logic framework, which allows us to study the connections between all these concepts. I give a formal account of the notion of coordination, power and controls intended as management of interdependencies among agents activities and show how these organizational relations together with specific task breakdown determine the responsibilities within an organization. For example: CSR (Corporate social responsibility) is an organizations moral responsibility to stakeholder groups that are affected directly or indirectly by the organizations actions. An organization can adopt a narrow or a broad stance on social responsibility. Strategies: Once clear targets have been identified, a set of strategies must be decided on to further the organisations efforts. Strategies are defined here as specific programs, initiatives, and decisions which will require resources allocated to them. They can range from the development of Strategies alliances to developing and conveyance special in-house training for customer service. These operating Strategies are usually very special given that the good plans are very clear and focused. Frequently, there may be some Strategies that are critical and yet dont get openly shared, particularly since they may be really sensitive and general knowledge of them would put you at a competitive weakness. The Strategies document the approach that will be used to meet the performance goals. They are generated by middle management and approved by top management. Every effort should be made to keep the Strategies up to date, without making major changes. Major change can also result in the termination of projects that are only partially completed and/or have not become totally effective. It should be apparent that many Strategies are generated by many different functions, supporting the business objectives. Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively. [P4] Economics: Economic is a social science that studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. That is, economic is the study of the trade-offs involved when choosing between alternate sets of decisions. (Lionel Robbins, 1935) The purpose of economic activity: It is openly said that the central purpose of economic activity is the production of goods and service to satisfy consumers needs want i.e. to meet people need for consumption both as a means of survival but also to meet their ever-growing demand for an improved lifestyle or standard of living. What goods and service to produce: Does the economic uses its resources to operate more hospitals or hotels? Do we make ipod Nanos or produce more coffee? How best to produce goods and service: What is the best use of our scarce resources of land labour and capital? Should school playing fields be sold off to provide more land for affordable housing? Who is to receive goods and service: What is the best method of distributing products or ensure the highest level of wants and needs are met? Who will get expensive hospital treatment-and who not? Economic Systems: An economic system is best described as a network of organisations used by a society to resolve the basic problem of what, how and for whom to produce. C:UsersKaisar HamidDesktopeconomicsystem.gif Categories of economic system: Traditional Economy: Where decision about what, how and for whom to produce are based on custom and tradition. Free market economy: Where households own resources and free markets allocate resources through the workings of the price mechanism. Planned or command economy:   In a planned or command system typically associated with a socialist or communist economic system. Mixed economy: In a mixed economy, some resources are owned by the public sector (government) and some resources are owned by the private sector. Sectors of production in the economy: Primary sector: This involves extraction of natural resources e.g. agriculture, forestry, fishing, quarrying, and mining. Secondary sector: This involves the production of goods in the economy, i.e. transforming materials produced by the primary sector e.g. manufacturing and the construction industry. Tertiary sector: the tertiary sector provided services such as banking, finance, insurance, retail, education and travel and tourism. Quaternary sector: The quaternary sector is involved with information processing e.g. education, research and development. Meaning of economic scarcity: Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem, in a world of limited resources. Society has insufficient productive resources to fulfil all human wants and needs. For example: Flowers such as tulips are scarce on occasion because they grow only at certain time of the year. When they supply of tulips is lower, they are scarce, or not always available. If enough people want tulips when none are available, then the demand increases. And this demand is high not because the price is high but because the supply is low. Criteria for Allocation: Appropriate means of resource allocation are necessary to achieve optimal allocation of the resource. There are several criteria used to compare of water allocation @owe aelt, 1986. Flexibility in the allocation of existing supplies, so that resource can be shifted from use to use, place, as demand change, thus allowing equating marginal values over many uses. Predictability of the allocation process, so that uncertainty (especially for transaction costs) is minimized. Equity of the allocation process should be perceived by the prospective users, providing equal opportunity gains from the resource to every potential user. Political and public acceptability, so that the allocation serves values and objectives of various segments in society. Allocate resources effectively: The business plan plays a key role in allocating resources throughout a business so that the objectives set in the plan can be met. Once you have reviewed our progress to date and identified our strategy for growth, our existing business plan may look dated and may no longer reflect our business position and future direction. When we are reviewing our business plan to cover the next stages, its important to be clear on how we will allocate our resources to make our strategy work. The allocation of scare resources: Allocation of scarce resources is a reality for health care professionals and organizations. Resource allocation issues can be particularly challenging for rural communities, where resources are not enough to meet all needs and fewer alternatives exist to resolve conflicts between competing needs. Flexibility Security Real opportunity cost Predictability Equity Political and public acceptability Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organisations and their activities. [P5] Fiscal policy: Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its levels of spending in order to monitor and influence a nations economy. It is the sister strategy to monetary policy with which a central bank influences a nations money supply. These two policies are used in various combinations in an effort to direct a countrys economic goals. How Fiscal policy works? Objectives of fiscal policy: To fund government spending To redistribute income and wealth more evenly A way of managing demand in the economy To influence the supply side of the economy To correct the negative externalities, such as pollution and passive smoking Effects of fiscal policy: Taxation and work incentives Taxation and pattern of demand Taxation and productivity Taxation and business investment decision What is monetary policy? The Federal Reserves actions that are designed to influence the availability cost of money. Such as changing the discount rate, altering bank reserve requirements, and conducting open market operations. In general, a policy to restrict monetary growth results in tightened credit conditions and, at least temporarily, higher rates of interest. Impact of monetary policy: Control inflation: The control of inflation has become one of the dominant objectives of government economic policy in many countries. Interest rates: The price of money. Interest is what you pay when you borrow money and what you are paid when you lend your money to someone else, like a bank. Business cycles: The term business cycle refers to economy-wide fluctuations in production or economic activity over a number of months or years. Spending: Money that has actually left the governments bank account and entered the economy. Employment: The act of giving someone a job. Fiscal Monetary policys activities: The role of government in the UK economy extends far beyond its activities as a regulator of specific industries. The government also manages the overall pace of economic activity, seeking to maintain high levels of employment and stable prices. It has two main tools for achieving these objectives: fiscal policy, through which it determines the appropriate level of taxes and spending; and monetary policy, through which it manages the supply of money. Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organisation. [P6]

Complementarity and Substitution in the Theory of Capital :: essays papers

Complementarity and Substitution in the Theory of Capital This essay is an explanation and importance of complementarity and substitution in the theory of capital. Complementarity can be usually seen in goods with â€Å"sympathetic shifts in demand.† It is also important to realize the narrowness of the traditional treatment of complementarity. Complementarity is analyzed in a single enterprise and also in the economic system as a whole. In the latter complementarity is analyzed in an economic system in equilibrium and also in disequilibrium. In an economic system with equilibrium all the acts of all individuals are consistent with each other and all factors of production are complementary. The system with disequilibrium on the contrary, realizes that while a factor of substitution eliminates another factor, another will be created, though possibly it might be of a different mode. It is idealistic to think that capital structure can only exist in equilibrium, but realistically, capital structure is in a state of continuous transformation. Any major change creates a situation of instability of the capitalistic economy. A clear example of this is the accumulation of capital on profits and the inducement to invest. As capital accumulation grows, investment opportunities and the rate of profit decline. Also, the existence of unused human or material resources provides potential complements for new productive combinations, which in result produce the changes in capital. These unused resources have two main functions in the world of dynamic change. First, they reduce the shock when disintegration exists, and second they stimulate the investment of capital goods complementary to them. In conclusion, the theory of capital is a dynamic discipline, and is not in static equilibrium.

Examining The African Union And Economies Economics Essay

Harmonizing to Stephanie ( 2009 ) was enlighten about AU and AU was abbreviated as an AFRICAN UNION. Initially formed as an â€Å" ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY † ( OAU ) and it was established in 1963. Harmonizing to Manelisi, Francis and Stephen ( 2000 ) was cited about OAU and briefing the personal businesss of an Continental degree and looking into independent organic structure as a forming of a African Union. They are taking into consideration of speed uping public presentation of OAU. They have certain rules and majorly concentrating in two countries. First one was sovereignty and secondly known as non-interference. Leaderships of a African states lack behind in leading qualities and emphasized to organize an African brotherhood. MR. Muammar el-Qaddafi and he was from Libya state and their chief aspiration to establish an AU. 53 states Members are actively indulge to back up a African brotherhood excepting the Morocco state.African brotherhood and their Main aimsHarmoniz ing to Stephanie ( 2009 ) was AU is endeavoring to better the development in the African states and to cut down the poorness and the graft and to stop the legion differences in the Africa. Harmonizing to Ryan Africa have its ain aims, that African brotherhood is a political brotherhood. African brotherhood chief aim is to develop the different type of undertakings in broad scope of administrations in this African brotherhood. This African brotherhood ever taking that to develop and societal and economic development in Africa. By the manner, they have got success in release for African provinces by utilizing their power of colonial. Chiefly African brotherhood have their ain aims are To accomplish integrity in between African provinces and in peoples integrity besides. To accomplish peace in between provinces of Africa by giving security to the continent of Africa. To better the velocity in political countries and to unite the socio-economic facets in the continents of Africa. By giving the encouragement to research in all the Fieldss the growing of the continents are travel frontward, particularly in the Fieldss like scientific discipline and the engineering. Promote the minimal criterions of the people populating in Africa, by promoting the support in human activity in all the Fieldss. Required conditions are set up which allow the African state to take portion to execute its right function in the international conferences and the planetary market. Encourage to keep the ecological balanced betterment at all degrees like societal and economical and cultural facets over and above African economic systems integrating. African brotherhood is taking the aid of the international spouses and they are giving accent for obliteration of chief causes of diseases. Whole continent want to advance the hygienic conditions for good wellness of African people. African brotherhood concentrating on cardinal issues like democratic rules. African brotherhood concentrating on their establishments. African brotherhood want to keep good administration and active indulgenceGlobal crisis:Harmonizing to Anup ( 2009 ) planetary crisis was foremost started in united provinces and it shown its consequence on all other states and once more it started In the year2007 the planetary economic crisis was started and had a immense consequence in fiscal position of different states of the universe and it continued to 2008.due to the planetary crisis there is a immense diminution in the stock market worldwide. Fiscal establishment in different parts of the universe has been collapsed and even the authorities in the strongest states has to some forward to raise the fiscal position of the other states. Harmonizing to Patrick ( 2008 ) worldwide figure of states put into the recession due to the fiscal planetary crisis. It is on-going processReasons for planetary crisis:Harmonizing to Mak ( 2008 ) is the chief ground for the recent planetary economic crisis is â€Å" sub-priming lodging market â €  . It was chiefly started in United States. Harmonizing to Anup ( 2009 ) was due to the sudden autumn of the sub-prime market which is based in the US and the unfortunate reverse in the lodging roar shows its ripple consequence on the other industries throughout the universe. Because of the place mortgages fiscal merchandises was adversely affected and have major deductions for the planetary crisis. Taking all above facet in to considerations and eventually it reach to neglect. Harmonizing to rakesh ( 2009 ) was the addition of the fiscal planetary crisis was started in 2008 and shows it effects on the present economic system and the fiscal environments. The economic failure it made the universe economic system really hard at this clip due to crisis. Global crisis shows its immense consequence on cardinal Bankss. The effects of fiscal crisis are leads to epoch alteration in the cardinal Bankss. Because of the autumn of the cardinal Bankss the fiscal system was affected. At the initial degree of the crisis, it ascribed that the crisis leads to the planetary instabilities but the result of these instabilities remains for longer. Global imbalances show its shortage in the histories of the America. It shows its excess in developing states Asia like China and the states like Russia and Middle East which are exporting the oil besides affected due to the crisis. Macroeconomic instabilities like salvaging investing and immense flows in the cross-border fiscal is put its emphasis on the procedure of the intermediation. These instabilities are cooperated to bring fort h some of the characteristics for the current crisis. Harmonizing to Ivan was the chief job that raised due to the crisis was unemployment. Harmonizing to economic adviser ( 2009 ) This can be solved by cut downing the unemployment easy than the other crisis and the other ground for the crisis is most of the economic systems are depending on the frail policies. These policies are prostrations and these consequences to the planetary crisis. Crisis shows the impact on the international concern. Companies need to acknowledge the its operations to get the better of the recission.otherwise 1000000s of workers are quit from the occupations. Globally concerns are adequately hit by the crisis and due to this companies seek the aid from the authorities. To last companies need the aid of the authorities. Most of the little graduated table industries are in danger and others are confronting the jobs like insolvents.Impact of planetary crisis on African economic system:Chapter 2CHALLENGES POSED BY THE CURRENT GLOBAL CRISIS ON AFRICAN ECONOMIESMAIN CHALLENGESHarmonizing to AFM ( 2009 ) was enlighten in their committe about African economic systems confronting with several jobs and their economic system severely affected by the crisis. The commission be aftering to concentrate on cardinal countries and placing jobs to purl tinkle and they want to take necessary stairss to get the better of the crisis state of affairs in AU economic systems. These are the chief challenges to get the better of jobs during crisis stage.AU have to analysed challenges and actively indulge in their several Fieldss and speed up plants process to make a good economic system for whole African people. Eradication of poorness Keeping sustainability of a growing Inflows of a capital Lack of support from private sectors Worsening of a financial grosss Lack of promotional activities on wellness attention systems Lack of substructure installations regional every bit good as national degree. Worsening of a exportsEradication of poorness:African economic systems confronting many hurdlings during the crisis. The first and most of import measure is disputing undertaking for African economic systems is looking farther obliteration of poorness in their several states. Poverty plays a critical function for the economical development of the county. African economic systems have to take particular steps to eliminate poorness and it is really indispensable measure for development of the states. Recently an African economic system was severely affected by crisis and poorness has become one large major job for their states. All African states come to together and take remedial steps for poorness and Lashkar-e-Taiba ‘s make African states pride at planetary degree.Keeping sustainability of a growing:The 2nd of import measure is disputing undertaking of a sustainability growing for economic systems. They are majorly concentrating on investings and use the resources in a proper mode. Availability of investing and they are majorly giving accent for substructure installations and do sustainability growing of African economic systems. Due to crisis and their economic system was fallen down and short autumn of investing. Before the crisis African economic systems was kept high outlooks about their investing. They kept marks to make their places, during 2009 about 50 billion dollars and 2010 it can be reached to fifty six one million millions dollars harmonizing to USD. African economic systems have to do their economic system more stable and need to take particular steps to get the better of the planetary crisis.Inflow of a capital:Harmonizing to concern directory was cited in their web site about capital influx stands acquiring beginnings externally like foreign states and they can be cheaper comparing with domestic market. Harmonizing to Michele ( 2008 ) was cited in his article about capital influx for African economic systems and other states like South Af rica [ SA ] adversely effected due to economical crisis and certain countries like about an agribusiness sector, about an excavation sector and fabrication sector. before the crisis SA states and other African states holding a good capital influxs for a period of 2007. These states are majorly depending on foreign states and looking into economical development of the African states. When foreign Countries was severely by planetary recession and it straight reflects to an African Economies [ AE ] .Lack of support from private sectorsPrivate sector plays a critical function for economic development of the state. Due to crisis many African states was faced with shortage of their payments. This is an of import challenging undertaking for African states and these states are wholly rely on private sectors. Many of the African states people lost their occupations in different sectors because of planetary crisis. African authoritiess was failed raising financess from fiscal markets of a int ernational markets. Many of the undertakings has been cancelled due to miss of support from private sectors for African economic systems. Harmonizing to Afrol about their intelligence was cited in their website African authorities has to promote the FDI from the developed states and it leads to economic development of the state. African states taking that private sector can salvage from planetary recession. Taking support of private sector, African states can supply ample of occupation chances for their state people. Many of the foreign investors are looking for ample of resources and that at the same clip seeking support from African states.Worsening of a financial grosssHarmonizing to ADB ( 2009 ) was enlighten in his article about financial grosss in African economic systems. African states are adversely set uping during planetary crisis minute. African states were confronting with financial grosss jobs because they do n't hold ample of financess for development of African Union. Fiscal grosss are eventually reached to worsen phase and advancement of a African economic systems coming down and growing of GDP was reached up to 0 % . Harmonizing to AFM ( 2009 ) was cited about financial grosss reached to worsen phase due to planetary crisis. Producing of a oil states of African states confronting many hurdlings, authorities does n't hold any financess, deficiency buttocks at development of substructure installations was taking some jobs because of financial grosss. Other sectors known to be about building field, about fabricating field and other several Fieldss of service degrees and others sectors are considers as a non-oil. These sectors are wholly rely on public sectors and slowly it reached to worsen phase. African economic systems forecasted grosss of a authorities can be reached upto twenty four per centum during the period of 2009. African states need to analyze approximately financial gross and this can be taking to an of import challenging undertaking for economic development of African states.Lack of promotional activities on wellness attention systemsHarmonizing to Nana and Alan ( 2004 ) was cited in his book about HIV/AIDS and their programmes. African states confronting many jobs on wellness attention systems. African states people are infected by HIV diseases and about 50 to eighty per centum affected by an urban population. African economic systems was severely affected by planetary crisis and they are holding another of import challenging undertaking was wellness attention system. Because of recession and their states economic system goes down. Their states confronting many jobs with wellness attention system and they concentrate on cardinal factors to advance a good wellness attention system in African states. Some African states like Zambia and other state Zimbabwe are extremely affected HIV Patients. Harmonizing to Hanlin ( 2007 ) was cited in his journal African states want to advance advanced wellness systems to awfu l diseases like HIV and AIDS. African states need to accommodate advanced constructs to command and supervise the HIV/AIDS programmes. They are implemented PPS and PPS stands for â€Å" Public-Private Partnership † as an advanced construct and authorities invested plenty of financess during 2005. At present scenario African states adversely affected by planetary crisis and take challenging undertaking and implemented efficaciously to protect awful diseases for African state peoples.Lack of substructure installations regional every bit good as national degreeAFM commission ( 2009 ) was enlightened that African Economies was adversely affected deficiency of substructure installations due to planetary crisis. Initially African states have to concentrate at basic degree. Every Country economical development depends on substructure installations and it plays a vital for economical development of the state. Infrastructure is an of import facet and anchor for African states. African states have infrastructural spread between regional every bit good as national degree. Harmonizing to Zuma and Jacob ( 2009 ) was cited in his article says that substructure is an of import facet and they has dressed ore certain countries like about rail webs, about coevals of a power, about a telecommunications and proper public conveyance installations. South African state in their history it was the first clip gone in recession and GDP came at diminution phase and many African economic systems are emphasize and they are seeking stable their a economic system in a stipulated period of clip. Many of the investors is non coming frontward to put in African states because of planetary crisis. Now it was become ambitious undertaking for African states to heighten substructure installations for development of African states. African Government has to promote private participants and they have provide some particular privileges to private participants and taking support of these partici pants they can extenuate hazard from planetary crisis.Worsening of a exportsHarmonizing to AFM commission ( 2009 ) was stated that African states major exports are Oil bring forthing, wood merchandises and valuable diamonds and other sectors like fabrication. Producing of an oil was severely affected by crisis. An export was fallen down during the period of 2009 and 2010. Before crisis expected up to two 50 one billion dollars of 2009 and two 70 seven dollars of U.S. planetary crisis hit severely for African states and the exports are reached phase of diminution at two 100 one million millions of dollars in 2009 and two 20 billion of dollars in 2010 of U.S.Chapter 3Schemes implemented by African economic systemsChapter N0:4ANALYSIS REPORT FOR AFRICAN ECONOMIESGlobal recovery of an African states comparing with other states.Harmonizing to Andre ( 2010 ) was cited in their web site on Jan 28th about planetary recession and hurdlings faced by states and concentrating on economical grow ing calculating for following approaching old ages. African economic system is emerging economic system in recent old ages. Most of the African economic systems came to worsen phase and their economic systems are adversely affected by planetary crisis during the period of 2009. From figure 1 Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/newrels/wesp-graph.gif ( 27/04/2010 ) From Figure 1 provinces that African economic systems economical growing was 1.3 % during the period of 2009. UN enlighten in their studies about Many of the African states adversely by planetary crisis and growing of African economic systems was slow down. They forecasting that African economic system growing can be reached to 4.3 % by 2010 comparing to 2009. They want to heighten public presentation and growing of an African economic system at least 3 times and they are taking into consideration and comparing with 2009 and 2010. African can be consider as a 2nd fastest of a turning economic system in planetary parts and they holding an trust on them and anticipating to make growing of a economic system by 2010. While we taking in to consideration of Asiatic states economical growing during the period 2009 and following approaching twelvemonth of 2010. About south Asiatic states and east states parts and these states are see as emerging economic systems and these states are affect b y planetary crisis during 2009. The economic system growing was 4.3 % in 2009 and they kept immense outlooks for their economic growing and these states are seeking really hard and they kept mark to make to 6.4 % growing of a economic system by the terminal of 2010. Lets we take other portion of the part known as Western Asia from Asiatic states. Western Asia of a economic system growing 0.4 per centum in 2009 and these part has to work hard develop their economic system and they are be aftering to make 3.6 growing of a economic system by 2010. While we taking into consideration about Latin American and Caribbean states and other parts of a developed economic systems. They are adversely affected by planetary crisis and confronting many hurdlings during 2009. The growing of a economic system was reached to 0.4 per centum in 2009. about African states and southeast states at least they are in a normal places comparing to developed economic systems. Developed economic systems economic system growing drastically fallen down due to planetary crisis in 2009. These states are seeking their best and develop the economic system growing and looking farther to their mark 1.3 % of a economic system growing by the terminal of 2010. African states are concentrating on cardinal sectors like an oil and other related mineral merchandises. African states is rich natural resources and their merchandises have an immense demand and they exports their merchandises to developed states. FDI plays an critical function for African economic systems and if they want to get the better of from planetary crisis, FDI is an of import factor development of African Economy and it has some privileges for African states. African states promoting FDI and at the same clip they giving accent for private participants. By taking support of FDI and participants of a private sectors and they can get the better of the planetary crisis job by the terminal 2010. African states make their economic system su stainable and advancement of an African economic system.The domestic nest eggs and their several rates from 2005-2008 and following period from 2009 -2010Harmonizing to AFDB ( 2010 ) was enlighten that domestic nest eggs of African states comparing with about developed economic systems and about developing economic systems. They are explained in context degree of diagrammatical chart which is listed below.i.e Figure 2. Figure 2 about Domestic Savingss of a part side Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.afdb.org ( 27/04/2010 ) From figure2 stated that about developing states of Asiatic states demoing sustainable growing rate of economic system and heightening salvaging rates from 2005-2008 and during crisis minute of 2009-2010 their economic system turning at an mean 35 % . About advanced economic systems during 2005-2008 was steadily bettering and it reaches up to 20 % nest eggs. During planetary crisis minute economic systems salvaging rates fallen down drastically 2009-2010 and it was 18 % . About Middle East states, approximately Latin American states and Carribeans during 2005-2008 salvaging rates growing was bettering 42 % and 22 % severally and during 2009- 2010 their economy rates fallen during planetary crisis minute 38 % and 29 % severally. African economic system was dining before the crisis during 2005-2008 and salvaging rates was high and they reached upto 25 % severally comparing with other states like Asiatic states, about in-between east states their redemptive really high, but relatively A frican states growing was mean, but all of a sudden African states salvaging fallen down i.e. 18 % . During 2009-2010. It is clip taking procedure for African states over come from planetary crisis. It is really difficult for African states during planetary crisis and they have to plan suited schemes and concentrate on cardinal sectors where they are lack behind. FDI scheme is suited scheme for African economic systems because there was reached to worsen phase. Due to planetary crisis African states lack in resources like about substructure installations, Human capital and non-suitable for concern environment. An African states faces many hurdlings to develop their economic system and they have merely one major ground behind i.e. Fundss. Any state want to develop that should hold ample of financess to develop their economic system. African state besides confronting same job.i.e FUNDS. Before crisis African economic system was dining in the universe. African faces international degre e every bit good as domestic degree and it shows immense impacts growing of their economic system. An African states faces unemployment jobs and they are unable to supply ample of occupation chances for African states specially youth. The stock markets and their major resources of their exports reached to worsen phases and these are major impacts for African economic systems.The Real GDP and their growing ( % ) of African states and the several sub-regions in 2009.The African states were slow down their GDP and it is adversely affected by African economic system due to planetary crisis. Figure 3 Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.afdb.org ( 27/04/2010 ) The growing of African states was before the crisis is bettering and they are seeking to run into the demands of Global economic system. But planetary crisis make the African economic system slowed down and its automatically reflects on GDP of a African states. From fig3 provinces about GDP of African provinces and how it reaches diminutions phases between 2008 to 2009. The existent gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) and their growing was calculated in per centums during 2009. About Eastern African existent GDP of their 4.3 % during 2009 and their growing reached a diminution phase 2 % between the old ages of 2008 and in 2009. About Central Africa Real GDP of their 2.1 % during 2009 and their growing reached a diminution phase between the old ages of 2008 and in 2009. Decline phase is somewhat more relatively of existent GDP of a cardinal Africa. About Western African existent GDP of 3.5 % during 2009 and their growing reached a diminution phase 2 % between the old ages of 2008 and in 2009. About South African was severely affected by the planetary crisis and their existent GDP was demoing in negative i.e. ( -1.3 % ) . South African plays a critical function for economic development of African states. The major portion come from south African because they are holding ample resources and it is cardinal location and it major suited all concern environment for domestic every bit good as international degree. South African is major affected by planetary crisis and growing came to worsen 6.5 % . Many African of the states are wholly rely on exports and they want to develop African economic system and at the same clip concentrating on growing of GDP of a African states. African states keep the mark to crush planetary crisis and do the African economic system as a sustainable economic system by the terminal of 2010. About oil and their trade good exports of African states Harmonizing to Urbanomics ( 2009 ) was cited in web site about exports of African states. Figure4 Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmPKdwVCf5C0i-dThyJD6Q0w6qtL2sN9PktHxNPKLg3z23tp6HdsBG4l24McO7dEkhgeGlkukt5Au-GO94XPk6QZcsyBfUuhdfInx_xUK1_QGRhnrHag7mx4rEyU7A8Rcirf1aPsb1u9rb/s320/oil+and+commodities.gif ( Accessed on 28/04/2010 ) African states are majorly concentrating on exporting trade good merchandises and they are bring forthing ample of sum